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# Zetta Managing Partner Ash Fontana: The future of work and AI
- URL: https://www.ceo.com/episodes/managing-partner-zetta-ash-fontana-a-leader-innovator-and-mentor-at-the-cutting-edge-of-artificial-intelligence/
- Published: 2023-06-29T10:00:02.000Z
- Updated: 2026-09-01T22:45:06.000Z
- Description: The co-founder of Zetta Venture Partners on AngelList, Naval Ravikant, on propaganda and why he walked away at the top.
- Author: Clint Betts

# Ash Fontana picked AI a decade early

When Ash Fontana was a kid, he spent weeks stuck on a single question. How does a hand know where a doorknob is? He had read that the brain never actually knows where anything is. It predicts, and gets close enough. He could not let it go.

He was seven, maybe eight. His mother worked, so he spent days at his grandmother's house, where the only books were a set of encyclopedias. He read all of them. He and his brother fed each other's interest in anatomy. He sat the Australian equivalent of the MCAT, passed, got the interviews, got in, and withdrew a few minutes before midnight on the deadline.

"The thing about medicine is you are told what to do for a very long time," Fontana told the CEO.com Podcast. "I was a lot more of an entrepreneur than I was a scientist."

The interview took place on June 29, 2023, 15 weeks after [GPT-4 shipped](https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-research/?ref=ceo.com) and eight weeks after the White House [called the CEOs of Alphabet, Anthropic, Microsoft, and OpenAI](https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/05/04/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-promote-responsible-ai-innovation-that-protects-americans-rights-and-safety/?ref=ceo.com) in to talk about risk. By then, Fontana had spent more than a decade betting that machine learning would be the defining technology of the period, first as an angel, then as co-founder of [Zetta Venture Partners](https://www.creativedestructionlab.com/people/ash-fontana/?ref=ceo.com), the first venture fund built entirely around AI. He had left Zetta 18 months earlier.

The bet started at AngelList. Fontana arrived in mid 2012, when the company was five engineers, a couple of designers, and the founders, Naval Ravikant and Babak Nivi. AngelList was a social network then. Founders and investors found each other on it and went offline to do the deal, which meant lawyers, accountants, and a bill. Fontana's job was to keep the transaction on the platform.

The team got the cost of a deal involving many angels, over the full 10 years an investment typically runs, from $40,000 or $50,000 down to under $10,000\. The law firm that did the paperwork was in Utah. Uber met investors on AngelList. CircleCI did. Fontana said he had direct contact with more than 20,000 companies while he was there, and that at that scale trends are hard to miss. The trend was machine learning. Kaggle had the office one floor down, and he went to lunch there.

Asked whether he could have imagined AngelList becoming what it is, he said yes.

"We were seeing every single little transaction. And we were seeing things get done that people couldn't do before they came to us. There was just this incredible feeling in the team of seeing problems and solving them really quickly. When you are presented with a problem, you sit in a room with a bunch of smart people, you solve the problem, and you get the solution out really quickly, you feel really good about yourself. And that didn't show in the numbers for a long time, and that's just the nature of startups. But it was still obvious at the time."

Ravikant was around for all of it. The two ate most meals together. Fontana sat between Ravikant's ideas and the engineering, legal, and fundraising work required to ship them, and he wrote down the heuristics Ravikant used to size up a seed deal. He still uses them.

He met Mark Gorenberg through a friend while still at AngelList. Gorenberg had started raising a fund around data and analytics and named it Zetta. Fontana felt spread thin as an investor and wanted to concentrate. He joined and served as [managing director from 2015 to 2021](https://www.creativedestructionlab.com/people/ash-fontana/?ref=ceo.com). By 2019, the firm had $185 million under management, and Fontana was [lead investor and a board member](https://conferences.oreilly.com/strata/strata-ca-2019/public/schedule/speaker/339100.html?ref=ceo.com) at Kaggle, Invenia, Clearbit, Tractable, and Focal Systems. Google [bought Kaggle in 2017](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/welcome-kaggle-to-google-cloud?ref=ceo.com). Zetta was also lead investor in [Domino and Lilt](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2241441/ash-fontana/?ref=ceo.com).

On May 4, 2021, Penguin Random House published his book, [The AI-First Company](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/669098/the-ai-first-company-by-ash-fontana/?ref=ceo.com), with endorsements from Eric Schmidt and Canva founder Melanie Perkins, whose company Fontana had [backed as an angel](https://conferences.oreilly.com/strata/strata-ca-2019/public/schedule/speaker/339100.html?ref=ceo.com) while at AngelList. The book brought a flood of people with ideas. Companies to start, research to fund, policies for governments to adopt. At Zetta, he was managing money for pension funds and charities and had to say no to all of it. He left at the end of the year.

"Life is long," he said. "There's so much to do in life."

Now he [advises and invests](https://ashfontana.com/?ref=ceo.com) on his own, and only in AI. He has spent 15 to 20 years building the checklists that tell a real AI company from one that has added the word to its pitch. The checklists reduce to two questions. Is it special? Has the company invented something, and can it be defended through a patent, a data set nobody else has, or infrastructure nobody else can reach? And can it capture value? Fontana's view is that the standard frameworks for competitive advantage, including Michael Porter's, were built for a different economy. The book exists because he wanted a new one.

On the wave breaking in June 2023, he gave OpenAI credit for the product and for the data and training work, and said the core technology underneath was largely not proprietary. The infrastructure winners were known. The integrators were known. The thousands of startups claiming a business in between had not yet shown where the money was.

He also said what scared him. Two things. Propaganda, and weapons. AI can generate text that reads as human, pass as a person in conversation, find the message that gets a given individual's attention, and distribute it. Governments have always done this. Now it is cheap. "I hesitate to even use the word potentially because I know it's being used in a very powerful way today," he said. On the second, face recognition at scale turns a weapon into something aimed at one person.

Asked about the 2024 election, he said AI would "probably run the whole thing," then called himself hyperbolic and settled on a plainer version. There are too many channels, too many sub-communities, and no agency can control them all. Readers in 2026 can judge that call against the record.

He does not think people are afraid of AI for the reasons they give.

"When you see an animal just walking through a piece of land, you're not really freaked out by that animal. It's looking for its partner, it's looking for a piece of fruit. When you start getting the impression that that animal is tracking you, trying to predict your next movement, you start getting freaked out. We've had AIs doing things in the background all the time, but we haven't cared because we haven't had the impression that it has any understanding of us. Now we're getting the impression that it understands us, and actually nothing's changed. It doesn't actually understand us. The predictions are more in line with our own predictions."

The CEO.com Podcast ends every conversation with the same question, on the theory that the chances one gives matter as much as the chances one takes. Fontana named his parents first. They give advice, he ignores it, he makes the mistake, and they give more advice. He named the early AngelList team, which hired him before he could contribute to the product. He named Penguin Random House, which signed a first-time author. He named Gorenberg, who partnered with an investor "proven in some ways, but not in others." Then he said the question had made him wonder who he could take a chance on the next day, and that he would think about it.

The rest of the conversation was about how he lives, which is mostly a list of subtractions. No television series since 2006\. No news since 2006, with one exception, when Russia invaded Ukraine. No sports, ever. No consumer investments. He reads only full-length books and research papers, in three areas: intelligent systems, investing, and Italian culture, and he reads them in clusters: two books and a paper on one subject in one month, plus a call with someone who knows it. He writes down his principles every couple of years and scores himself against them. He sets goals with three friends who check a shared Google Doc weekly, meet quarterly, and hold an annual offsite.

His reasons for quitting the news were economic before they were anything else. Around 2010, he noticed journalists were being paid by the click, and thought the work had gotten worse. Then he asked where he could have any effect and concluded the answer was his family, his friends, and the people he worked with. "At worst you're going to just pontificate," he said of caring about problems on the other side of the planet, "and at best you're going to be a pest."

He lives in Italy. His family left it a few generations ago, which means he could get a passport and, as he put it, people get that he fits there. He ski tours, cycles, and runs trails in the mountains. The neuroscience and machine learning research is world-class. Everywhere in Europe is close. He said he chose a country where the old, the sick, and children are looked after, and where the three things a person needs to function, good food, good healthcare, and the ability to move, are cheap.

Asked about universal basic income, a live debate in Silicon Valley that summer, he said he used to be interested, and no longer was. "I've opted out of living in a society where that's even really a question."

```chapters
00:00:00 Ash's Early Days at AngelList
00:04:55 Lessons Learned From Naval Ravikant
00:07:14 Early Fascination With AI and Data
00:12:27 Joining Zetta Venture Partners
00:15:23 Where AI Is Today With ChatGPT
00:19:01 Why People Feel Freaked Out by AI
00:21:01 Ash's Real Fears: Propaganda and Weapons
00:24:37 The Future of Media in the AI Era
00:28:35 Spotting a True AI-First Company
00:34:11 Rethinking the Future of Work
00:39:24 Ash's Principled Daily Life Structure
00:43:37 Why Ash Stopped Reading the News
00:48:09 Ash's Reading Habits and Focus Areas
00:50:44 Why Ash Chose to Live in Italy
00:53:11 Chances Given and Taken in His Career
```

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You<00:02:35.219> know,<00:02:35.380> startups<00:02:35.926> were<00:02:36.086> coming<00:02:36.343> to<00:02:36.424> us<00:02:36.552> at<00:02:36.584> the<00:02:36.761> time<00:02:37.146> and<00:02:38.110> they<00:02:38.335> either<00:02:38.592> could<00:02:38.993> raise<00:02:39.620> elsewhere<00:02:40.198> but<00:02:40.294> just<00:02:40.471> didn't<00:02:40.680> know<00:02:40.840> how<00:02:40.920> to<00:02:41.161> organize<00:02:41.643> the<00:02:41.723> investment<00:02:42.366> from<00:02:42.526> a<00:02:42.607> whole<00:02:42.832> bunch<00:02:43.073> of<00:02:43.153> different<00:02:43.410> angels.

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Or<00:02:44.855> they<00:02:44.951> sort<00:02:45.160> of<00:02:45.337> couldn't<00:02:45.642> raise<00:02:45.898> elsewhere<00:02:46.380> because,<00:02:46.765> you<00:02:46.846> know,<00:02:47.022> they<00:02:47.183> didn't<00:02:47.408> have<00:02:47.584> the<00:02:47.680> right<00:02:47.905> connections.

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They<00:02:48.788> were<00:02:48.869> coming<00:02:49.254> from<00:02:49.912> a<00:02:49.992> different<00:02:50.329> market,<00:02:50.795> didn't<00:02:51.020> have<00:02:51.132> a<00:02:51.261> good<00:02:51.421> network,<00:02:51.919> and<00:02:51.999> AngelList<00:02:52.465> helped<00:02:52.641> them<00:02:52.802> meet<00:02:53.027> people.

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And<00:02:54.006> these<00:02:54.231> were<00:02:54.327> pretty<00:02:54.568> big<00:02:54.728> startups,<00:02:55.611> you<00:02:55.692> know.

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Uber<00:02:57.859> and<00:02:58.004> other<00:02:58.100> people<00:02:58.678> met<00:02:59.047> investors<00:02:59.481> on<00:02:59.545> AngelList.

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Um,<00:03:01.712> really,<00:03:02.114> really<00:03:02.419> great<00:03:02.772> infrastructure<00:03:03.318> companies<00:03:03.960> like<00:03:04.136> CircleCI<00:03:05.003> met<00:03:05.164> people<00:03:05.469> on<00:03:05.581> AngelList.

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You<00:03:06.593> know,<00:03:06.753> there's<00:03:07.155> a<00:03:07.171> long,<00:03:07.251> long<00:03:07.733> list<00:03:08.198> of<00:03:08.535> companies<00:03:09.081> that<00:03:09.178> met<00:03:09.402> people<00:03:09.579> on<00:03:09.659> AngelList.

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And<00:03:10.930> you<00:03:11.011> could<00:03:11.188> see<00:03:11.591> that,<00:03:12.220> you<00:03:12.316> know,<00:03:12.397> these<00:03:12.623> companies<00:03:13.026> were<00:03:13.123> coming<00:03:13.445> to<00:03:13.526> you<00:03:13.767> with<00:03:14.171> far<00:03:14.348> less<00:03:14.638> options<00:03:15.541> than<00:03:15.767> they<00:03:15.928> left<00:03:16.170> with<00:03:16.653> after<00:03:16.895> they<00:03:16.976> were<00:03:17.137> using<00:03:17.459> AngelList.

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Yeah,<00:03:19.726> it's<00:03:19.969> AngelList.

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The<00:03:20.711> story<00:03:21.115> is<00:03:21.277> just<00:03:21.600> incredible.

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And<00:03:23.376> did<00:03:23.521> you—<00:03:23.683> could<00:03:23.796> you<00:03:23.941> ever<00:03:24.103> imagine<00:03:24.587> it'd<00:03:24.748> be<00:03:24.926> as<00:03:25.152> big<00:03:25.314> as<00:03:25.411> it<00:03:25.540> is<00:03:25.701> now?

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To<00:03:27.362> be<00:03:27.523> honest,<00:03:27.909> yes.

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Really?

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And<00:03:29.437> I<00:03:29.453> don't<00:03:29.678> want<00:03:29.758> to<00:03:29.839> pretend<00:03:30.240> I<00:03:30.337> have<00:03:30.482> a<00:03:30.562> crystal<00:03:30.900> ball,<00:03:31.221> but<00:03:31.768> I've<00:03:31.848> had<00:03:32.025> this<00:03:32.250> discussion<00:03:32.749> with<00:03:32.909> a<00:03:32.926> lot<00:03:33.151> of<00:03:33.295> people<00:03:33.633> that<00:03:33.794> were<00:03:33.955> early<00:03:34.196> at<00:03:34.276> AngelList,<00:03:35.144> and<00:03:36.072> you<00:03:36.153> know,<00:03:36.458> we<00:03:37.100> ask<00:03:37.357> each<00:03:37.582> other<00:03:37.759> and<00:03:38.064> other<00:03:38.160> people<00:03:38.546> ask<00:03:38.867> us,<00:03:39.525> you<00:03:39.557> know,<00:03:39.750> could<00:03:40.007> you<00:03:40.087> have<00:03:40.248> imagined?

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And<00:03:41.115> honestly,<00:03:41.709> it<00:03:41.774> was<00:03:41.998> really<00:03:42.255> obvious<00:03:42.528> to<00:03:42.818> us<00:03:42.994> at<00:03:43.123> the<00:03:43.219> time,<00:03:43.781> um,<00:03:45.130> because<00:03:45.933> we<00:03:46.094> were<00:03:46.126> seeing<00:03:46.592> every<00:03:46.768> single<00:03:47.138> little<00:03:47.379> transaction<00:03:48.423> and<00:03:49.242> we<00:03:49.466> were<00:03:49.499> seeing<00:03:50.045> things<00:03:50.350> get<00:03:50.510> done<00:03:50.832> that<00:03:50.992> people<00:03:51.313> couldn't<00:03:51.570> done—.

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Get—.

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Couldn't<00:03:52.759> do—<00:03:52.871> sorry,<00:03:53.257> get<00:03:53.433> done<00:03:53.979> before<00:03:54.236> they<00:03:54.381> came<00:03:54.702> to<00:03:54.863> us.

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And<00:03:56.067> there<00:03:56.164> was<00:03:56.308> just<00:03:56.549> this<00:03:56.710> incredible<00:03:57.256> feeling<00:03:57.657> in<00:03:57.689> the<00:03:57.834> team<00:03:58.557> of<00:03:59.520> seeing<00:04:00.002> problems<00:04:00.564> and<00:04:00.789> solving<00:04:01.287> them<00:04:01.608> really<00:04:01.994> quickly.

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Like,<00:04:02.716> we<00:04:02.797> were<00:04:03.053> really<00:04:03.551> effective<00:04:04.194> small<00:04:04.660> team<00:04:05.190> and<00:04:05.570> we<00:04:05.710> knew<00:04:06.030> it.

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And<00:04:06.790> that<00:04:06.970> sort<00:04:07.110> of<00:04:07.250> feeds<00:04:07.490> on<00:04:07.690> itself,<00:04:08.250> you<00:04:08.310> know.

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When<00:04:08.630> you<00:04:08.890> are<00:04:09.450> presented<00:04:09.790> with<00:04:10.010> a<00:04:10.190> problem,<00:04:11.270> you<00:04:11.350> sit<00:04:11.510> in<00:04:11.670> a<00:04:11.690> room<00:04:11.850> with<00:04:12.010> a<00:04:12.070> bunch<00:04:12.230> of<00:04:12.370> smart<00:04:12.570> people,<00:04:13.490> you<00:04:13.570> solve<00:04:13.810> the<00:04:14.010> problem,<00:04:14.310> and<00:04:14.490> you<00:04:14.630> get<00:04:14.750> the<00:04:14.930> solution<00:04:15.270> out<00:04:15.530> really<00:04:15.710> quickly,<00:04:16.850> you're<00:04:16.990> really—<00:04:17.510> you<00:04:17.511> feel<00:04:17.512> really<00:04:17.730> good<00:04:17.890> about<00:04:18.130> yourself,<00:04:18.530> and<00:04:18.690> you<00:04:18.790> feel<00:04:18.910> really<00:04:19.110> good<00:04:19.270> about<00:04:19.450> the<00:04:19.630> people<00:04:19.850> you're<00:04:20.030> working<00:04:20.290> with,<00:04:20.550> and<00:04:20.670> you<00:04:20.790> feel<00:04:20.950> really<00:04:21.130> confident<00:04:21.590> that<00:04:21.830> the<00:04:21.930> next<00:04:22.130> problem<00:04:22.370> that<00:04:22.550> comes<00:04:22.710> in,<00:04:23.400> you're<00:04:23.750> going<00:04:23.751> to<00:04:23.830> be<00:04:23.930> able<00:04:24.050> to<00:04:24.210> solve<00:04:24.350> it.

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Um,<00:04:25.530> and<00:04:25.610> so<00:04:25.730> we<00:04:25.910> just<00:04:26.150> had<00:04:26.310> such<00:04:26.510> a<00:04:26.690> high<00:04:26.850> rate,<00:04:27.310> uh,<00:04:28.570> of<00:04:28.571> being<00:04:28.990> able<00:04:29.270> to<00:04:29.550> like<00:04:29.810> successfully<00:04:30.270> solve<00:04:30.690> problems,<00:04:31.570> um,<00:04:31.930> such<00:04:32.070> a<00:04:32.210> high<00:04:32.350> success<00:04:32.650> rate<00:04:32.970> and<00:04:33.110> rate<00:04:33.370> of<00:04:33.510> doing<00:04:33.750> it<00:04:34.486> that,<00:04:34.646> uh,<00:04:35.111> you<00:04:35.143> know,<00:04:35.464> there<00:04:35.608> was<00:04:35.784> a<00:04:35.800> very<00:04:36.297> palpable<00:04:36.666> feeling<00:04:37.227> of<00:04:37.323> success<00:04:37.932> there<00:04:38.734> early<00:04:38.910> on.

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And<00:04:39.535> look,<00:04:39.792> like,<00:04:40.593> that<00:04:40.786> didn't<00:04:41.074> show<00:04:41.411> in<00:04:41.539> the<00:04:41.571> numbers<00:04:42.180> for<00:04:42.309> a<00:04:42.341> long<00:04:42.533> time,<00:04:43.222> and<00:04:44.441> that's<00:04:44.633> just<00:04:44.922> sort<00:04:45.082> of<00:04:45.162> the<00:04:45.242> nature<00:04:45.563> of<00:04:45.643> startups.

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But,<00:04:46.509> um,<00:04:47.326> but<00:04:47.470> it<00:04:47.551> was,<00:04:47.951> it<00:04:48.031> was<00:04:48.128> sort<00:04:48.272> of<00:04:48.368> obvious<00:04:48.769> at<00:04:48.833> the<00:04:48.929> time.

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And<00:04:49.330> like,<00:04:49.506> I'm<00:04:49.651> not<00:04:49.795> the<00:04:49.891> only<00:04:50.115> one<00:04:50.356> who,<00:04:50.997> who<00:04:51.029> thought<00:04:51.270> that,<00:04:51.494> that,<00:04:51.718> you<00:04:51.750> know,<00:04:52.055> we<00:04:52.279> all—<00:04:52.520> I<00:04:52.536> think<00:04:52.776> all<00:04:52.921> the<00:04:53.017> early<00:04:53.337> employees<00:04:53.898> really<00:04:54.139> shared<00:04:54.444> that<00:04:54.604> feeling.

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What<00:04:56.063> did<00:04:56.207> you<00:04:56.383> learn<00:04:56.688> from<00:04:57.040> Naval,<00:04:57.826> who<00:04:57.906> has<00:04:58.066> become<00:04:58.467> kind<00:04:58.692> of<00:04:58.772> like<00:04:59.028> this<00:04:59.445> startup<00:05:00.311> philosopher?

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And<00:05:02.859> I<00:05:03.132> mean,<00:05:03.356> he's<00:05:03.597> taken<00:05:03.917> on<00:05:04.318> like<00:05:04.623> this<00:05:04.799> incredible,<00:05:05.825> uh,<00:05:06.627> journey<00:05:06.900> since<00:05:07.190> all<00:05:07.430> this<00:05:07.607> too.

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What<00:05:08.153> have<00:05:08.346> you<00:05:08.490> learned<00:05:08.715> from<00:05:08.892> him?

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Uh,<00:05:10.257> countless<00:05:10.739> things.

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Like,<00:05:12.088> you<00:05:12.184> know,<00:05:12.265> Noel<00:05:12.409> and<00:05:12.666> I<00:05:12.827> used<00:05:12.971> to<00:05:13.132> have<00:05:13.228> breakfast,<00:05:13.630> lunch,<00:05:13.871> and<00:05:14.031> dinner<00:05:14.272> together,<00:05:14.754> get<00:05:14.915> a<00:05:14.995> coffee<00:05:15.188> together.

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We—<00:05:16.103> because<00:05:16.762> we<00:05:16.987> were<00:05:17.661> sort<00:05:17.870> of<00:05:18.834> more<00:05:19.074> on<00:05:19.235> the<00:05:19.331> commercial<00:05:19.910> side<00:05:20.295> of<00:05:20.440> things,<00:05:21.484> and<00:05:21.564> I<00:05:21.725> was<00:05:21.837> sort<00:05:22.062> of<00:05:22.222> between,<00:05:23.491> you<00:05:23.523> know,<00:05:23.732> his<00:05:24.872> vision<00:05:25.274> and<00:05:25.418> leadership<00:05:25.932> and<00:05:26.061> ideas,<00:05:26.800> and<00:05:26.960> then<00:05:27.426> the<00:05:27.522> execution<00:05:28.245> side<00:05:28.647> on<00:05:28.791> the<00:05:28.888> engineering<00:05:29.305> side—<00:05:30.237> engineering<00:05:30.735> and<00:05:30.815> also,<00:05:31.361> also<00:05:31.618> business<00:05:31.939> and<00:05:32.084> fundraising<00:05:32.662> and<00:05:32.823> structuring<00:05:33.545> and<00:05:33.690> legal<00:05:34.172> and<00:05:34.332> all<00:05:34.413> that<00:05:34.573> sort<00:05:34.669> of<00:05:34.750> stuff.

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So<00:05:35.328> I<00:05:35.360> was<00:05:35.409> sort<00:05:35.618> of<00:05:35.714> in<00:05:35.779> the<00:05:35.811> middle<00:05:36.101> of<00:05:36.181> that<00:05:37.162> and<00:05:37.307> really<00:05:37.549> in<00:05:37.645> the<00:05:37.726> flow<00:05:38.047> there.

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And<00:05:39.093> it<00:05:39.238> was<00:05:39.399> the<00:05:40.445> case<00:05:40.606> that<00:05:40.767> I<00:05:40.799> just<00:05:41.088> got<00:05:41.298> to<00:05:41.346> spend<00:05:41.652> a<00:05:41.668> heap<00:05:41.893> of<00:05:42.102> time.

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And<00:05:43.262> as<00:05:43.359> I<00:05:43.375> said,<00:05:43.748> we<00:05:43.829> were<00:05:43.926> constantly<00:05:44.346> solving<00:05:44.800> problems<00:05:45.868> related<00:05:46.272> to<00:05:46.418> AngelList.

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But<00:05:47.632> of<00:05:47.810> course,<00:05:48.052> when<00:05:48.214> you<00:05:48.360> go<00:05:48.457> on<00:05:48.538> your<00:05:48.684> coffee<00:05:48.942> breaks,<00:05:49.250> you<00:05:49.331> try<00:05:49.509> to<00:05:49.590> solve<00:05:49.897> the<00:05:49.978> world's<00:05:50.237> problems<00:05:50.723> and<00:05:50.884> talk<00:05:51.062> about<00:05:51.370> all<00:05:51.451> that<00:05:51.613> stuff<00:05:51.936> too.

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So<00:05:53.553> I<00:05:53.634> mean,<00:05:53.957> I<00:05:53.990> don't<00:05:54.265> even<00:05:54.443> know<00:05:54.588> where<00:05:54.928> to<00:05:55.106> start.

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Naval's<00:05:56.870> incredibly<00:05:57.436> well-read,<00:05:58.018> and<00:05:58.180> so<00:05:58.649> he<00:05:58.876> pointed<00:05:59.199> me<00:05:59.297> to<00:05:59.377> some<00:05:59.620> pretty<00:05:59.863> crucial<00:06:00.332> books.

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You<00:06:02.126> know,<00:06:02.366> we<00:06:02.591> all,<00:06:03.314> all<00:06:03.394> of<00:06:03.490> us<00:06:03.651> in<00:06:04.036> the<00:06:04.133> early<00:06:04.357> days<00:06:04.759> were<00:06:05.241> pretty<00:06:05.578> interesting,<00:06:06.043> quirky<00:06:06.445> people<00:06:06.862> and<00:06:07.007> all<00:06:07.103> brought<00:06:07.360> something<00:06:07.665> different<00:06:07.986> to<00:06:08.083> the<00:06:08.227> table.

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And<00:06:09.752> Naval<00:06:10.234> was<00:06:10.314> certainly<00:06:11.021> the<00:06:11.117> leader<00:06:11.342> of<00:06:11.599> that,<00:06:12.065> of<00:06:12.161> that<00:06:12.402> pack<00:06:12.900> in<00:06:13.044> that<00:06:13.205> he<00:06:13.365> brought<00:06:13.606> a<00:06:13.751> lot<00:06:13.863> of<00:06:14.007> different<00:06:14.313> quirky<00:06:14.650> things<00:06:14.955> to<00:06:15.035> the<00:06:15.115> table<00:06:16.095> that,<00:06:16.320> you<00:06:16.400> know,<00:06:16.560> helped<00:06:16.882> me<00:06:16.962> understand<00:06:17.524> a<00:06:17.540> lot<00:06:17.765> more<00:06:17.941> about<00:06:18.246> how<00:06:18.343> the<00:06:18.439> economy<00:06:19.049> works,<00:06:19.386> about<00:06:19.772> how<00:06:20.591> evolution<00:06:21.233> works,<00:06:21.650> about<00:06:22.582> how<00:06:22.694> important<00:06:23.240> evolutionary<00:06:23.802> biology<00:06:24.444> is,<00:06:25.087> sort<00:06:25.311> of<00:06:25.408> a<00:06:25.552> core<00:06:26.596> defining,<00:06:27.640> um,<00:06:28.474> sort<00:06:28.699> of<00:06:28.844> idea<00:06:29.598> for<00:06:30.128> a<00:06:30.144> lot<00:06:30.449> of<00:06:30.851> what<00:06:31.349> Naval<00:06:31.654> believes,<00:06:32.071> I<00:06:32.232> think.

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Um,<00:06:33.275> and<00:06:33.356> that's<00:06:33.757> probably<00:06:34.415> still<00:06:34.720> true.

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But,<00:06:35.909> uh,<00:06:36.230> also,<00:06:36.792> you<00:06:36.904> know,<00:06:37.129> the,<00:06:37.675> the<00:06:37.771> more,<00:06:38.735> I<00:06:38.815> guess,<00:06:39.216> prosaic<00:06:39.762> stuff,<00:06:40.324> but<00:06:40.886> very<00:06:41.079> instrumental<00:06:41.609> stuff<00:06:41.866> at<00:06:41.946> the<00:06:42.026> time,<00:06:42.412> like<00:06:43.214> how<00:06:43.391> to<00:06:43.648> really<00:06:43.937> run<00:06:44.114> a<00:06:44.178> fund<00:06:44.531> and<00:06:44.740> how<00:06:44.836> to<00:06:45.061> really<00:06:46.024> look<00:06:46.137> for<00:06:46.345> a<00:06:46.426> great<00:06:46.667> seed<00:06:46.924> investment.

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Um,<00:06:48.754> I<00:06:48.850> came<00:06:49.155> out<00:06:49.268> of<00:06:49.412> AngelList<00:06:49.894> with<00:06:50.055> a<00:06:50.135> lot<00:06:50.440> of<00:06:50.536> frameworks<00:06:51.162> for<00:06:51.259> investing<00:06:52.543> a<00:06:52.687> lot<00:06:52.847> of,<00:06:53.248> you<00:06:53.280> know,<00:06:54.002> things<00:06:54.387> to<00:06:54.627> look<00:06:54.868> for<00:06:55.413> and<00:06:55.574> things<00:06:55.910> to<00:06:56.247> strike<00:06:56.776> out<00:06:57.835> when<00:06:57.995> you<00:06:58.091> see<00:06:58.653> a<00:06:58.717> team<00:06:59.037> working<00:06:59.262> on<00:06:59.358> a<00:06:59.438> problem<00:06:59.839> early<00:07:00.144> on.

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You<00:07:00.817> know,<00:07:00.930> a<00:07:00.962> lot<00:07:01.138> of<00:07:01.266> red<00:07:01.443> flags.

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And,<00:07:02.485> you<00:07:02.886> know,<00:07:03.046> I<00:07:03.127> wrote<00:07:03.367> down<00:07:03.848> a<00:07:03.993> lot<00:07:04.169> of<00:07:05.115> what<00:07:05.308> Naval<00:07:05.676> would<00:07:06.013> use,<00:07:06.494> a<00:07:06.574> lot<00:07:06.735> of<00:07:06.879> like<00:07:06.975> his<00:07:07.216> heuristics<00:07:07.986> from<00:07:08.338> many<00:07:08.659> years<00:07:09.942> of<00:07:10.519> seed<00:07:10.744> investing,<00:07:11.065> and<00:07:11.225> I<00:07:11.385> use<00:07:11.626> them<00:07:11.866> in<00:07:12.283> my<00:07:12.492> future<00:07:12.748> investing<00:07:13.230> roles<00:07:13.550> as<00:07:13.630> well.

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Were<00:07:14.994> you<00:07:15.154> thinking<00:07:15.475> about<00:07:15.876> artificial<00:07:16.501> intelligence<00:07:17.158> and<00:07:17.255> its<00:07:17.463> future<00:07:17.816> back<00:07:18.105> then?

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Yeah,<00:07:19.724> I<00:07:19.804> was.

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I<00:07:21.151> had<00:07:21.247> actually<00:07:21.873> helped—<00:07:22.514> well,<00:07:22.755> I've<00:07:22.931> not<00:07:23.075> helped—<00:07:23.396> I<00:07:23.652> was<00:07:23.813> a<00:07:23.893> co-founder<00:07:24.294> of<00:07:24.438> a<00:07:24.518> company<00:07:25.657> before<00:07:26.218> AngelList.

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That's<00:07:27.020> how<00:07:27.084> I<00:07:27.180> met<00:07:27.420> Naval,<00:07:27.741> actually.

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We<00:07:28.286> used<00:07:28.543> AngelList<00:07:29.024> in<00:07:29.184> the<00:07:29.216> very,<00:07:29.344> very<00:07:29.649> early<00:07:29.761> days<00:07:30.162> around<00:07:30.451> 2010<00:07:31.269> to<00:07:31.365> raise<00:07:31.589> a<00:07:31.669> bit<00:07:31.717> of<00:07:31.830> money,<00:07:33.177> um,<00:07:33.577> and<00:07:33.658> that<00:07:33.754> company<00:07:34.940> helped<00:07:35.357> really<00:07:35.742> big<00:07:36.223> travel<00:07:37.426> airline,<00:07:38.468> uh,<00:07:38.724> loyalty,<00:07:39.590> other<00:07:39.766> companies<00:07:40.328> manage<00:07:41.450> new<00:07:41.610> forms<00:07:42.091> of<00:07:42.172> data.

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So<00:07:43.294> manage<00:07:43.695> a<00:07:43.759> lot<00:07:43.919> of<00:07:43.999> that<00:07:44.176> social<00:07:44.753> and<00:07:45.058> location<00:07:45.779> data<00:07:46.004> that<00:07:46.100> was<00:07:46.324> coming<00:07:47.143> into<00:07:47.383> play<00:07:48.010> around<00:07:48.331> the<00:07:48.427> time<00:07:48.749> of<00:07:49.006> sort<00:07:49.295> of<00:07:49.391> 2009,<00:07:50.194> '10,<00:07:50.499> '11.

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And,<00:07:52.909> you<00:07:52.989> know,<00:07:53.150> once<00:07:53.390> you<00:07:53.567> work<00:07:53.953> in<00:07:55.238> any<00:07:55.495> part<00:07:55.800> of<00:07:55.976> the<00:07:56.153> technology<00:07:56.699> industry<00:07:57.261> that's<00:07:57.583> got<00:07:57.759> to<00:07:57.904> do<00:07:58.129> with<00:07:58.707> big<00:07:58.948> data,<00:07:59.269> so<00:07:59.446> to<00:07:59.526> speak,<00:08:00.972> you<00:08:01.100> realize<00:08:01.389> pretty<00:08:01.742> quickly<00:08:02.240> that<00:08:02.867> the<00:08:02.963> limits<00:08:03.429> of<00:08:03.525> human<00:08:04.569> abilities<00:08:05.212> around<00:08:05.517> organizing<00:08:06.320> and<00:08:06.802> analyzing<00:08:07.460> huge<00:08:07.701> amounts<00:08:08.023> of<00:08:08.103> data<00:08:09.532> are<00:08:09.709> pretty<00:08:10.030> obvious<00:08:11.058> and<00:08:11.315> very<00:08:11.540> present.

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And<00:08:13.466> so,<00:08:13.643> yeah,<00:08:13.883> I<00:08:13.963> was<00:08:14.124> thinking<00:08:14.460> about<00:08:14.685> it<00:08:14.829> then,<00:08:15.150> but<00:08:15.791> I<00:08:15.807> was<00:08:15.967> also<00:08:16.288> thinking<00:08:16.560> about<00:08:16.753> it<00:08:16.849> because<00:08:17.105> as<00:08:17.250> a<00:08:17.330> kid<00:08:17.651> I<00:08:17.795> was<00:08:17.971> fascinated<00:08:18.773> by<00:08:19.558> how<00:08:19.654> the<00:08:19.735> brain<00:08:20.135> works.

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I<00:08:20.584> was<00:08:20.841> really<00:08:21.177> into<00:08:21.498> things<00:08:21.803> like<00:08:21.979> neuroscience<00:08:22.764> and<00:08:22.861> neuroanatomy,<00:08:24.368> um,<00:08:24.848> and,<00:08:26.131> you<00:08:26.243> know,<00:08:26.532> how<00:08:26.708> humans<00:08:27.349> learn.

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Like,<00:08:28.135> I<00:08:28.151> remember<00:08:28.439> as<00:08:28.568> a<00:08:28.632> kid<00:08:29.594> being,<00:08:30.219> being<00:08:30.475> completely<00:08:31.036> fascinated<00:08:31.662> for<00:08:31.918> weeks<00:08:32.415> about<00:08:32.784> what<00:08:33.024> happens<00:08:33.521> when<00:08:33.682> we<00:08:33.906> open<00:08:34.243> a<00:08:34.387> door.

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Like,<00:08:35.124> how<00:08:35.269> do<00:08:35.365> we<00:08:35.445> know<00:08:35.766> where<00:08:36.006> to<00:08:36.070> put<00:08:36.166> our<00:08:36.391> hand?

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How<00:08:36.808> do<00:08:37.593> we<00:08:37.689> know<00:08:37.850> what<00:08:38.010> to<00:08:38.170> do<00:08:38.314> with<00:08:38.491> it?

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Like,<00:08:39.052> is<00:08:39.213> the<00:08:39.357> door<00:08:39.759> even<00:08:40.321> exactly<00:08:40.996> there?

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Or—<00:08:42.506> and<00:08:42.586> then<00:08:42.811> learning<00:08:43.132> this<00:08:43.309> idea<00:08:43.791> that<00:08:44.353> we're<00:08:44.465> just<00:08:44.674> predicting<00:08:45.397> where<00:08:45.558> stuff<00:08:45.895> is<00:08:46.040> in<00:08:46.136> space<00:08:46.698> and<00:08:46.762> we're<00:08:46.923> getting<00:08:47.244> it<00:08:47.566> correct<00:08:47.967> enough.

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We<00:08:48.947> don't<00:08:49.236> actually<00:08:49.718> ever<00:08:49.911> know<00:08:50.200> where<00:08:50.441> anything<00:08:50.955> is<00:08:51.244> physically.

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I<00:08:52.288> was<00:08:52.561> obsessed<00:08:53.172> with<00:08:53.268> that<00:08:53.429> idea<00:08:53.830> for<00:08:54.071> weeks<00:08:54.376> and<00:08:54.473> weeks<00:08:54.778> when<00:08:54.874> I<00:08:54.954> first<00:08:55.340> learned<00:08:55.597> it.

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Um,<00:08:56.786> and<00:08:56.882> so<00:08:57.268> I<00:08:57.284> don't<00:08:57.460> know,<00:08:57.605> I<00:08:57.669> was<00:08:57.830> always<00:08:58.087> into<00:08:58.328> that.

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Um,<00:08:59.677> I'd<00:08:59.838> worked<00:09:00.095> on<00:09:00.175> this<00:09:00.336> data<00:09:00.657> company,<00:09:01.299> and<00:09:01.444> then<00:09:01.605> at<00:09:01.701> AngelList,<00:09:03.066> you<00:09:03.211> know,<00:09:03.291> we<00:09:03.371> saw<00:09:03.693> thousands<00:09:04.448> of<00:09:04.592> companies.

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I<00:09:05.460> had<00:09:05.717> direct<00:09:06.198> contact<00:09:06.761> with<00:09:07.707> over<00:09:07.948> 20,000<00:09:08.670> companies<00:09:09.167> in<00:09:09.247> a<00:09:09.327> couple<00:09:09.568> of<00:09:09.712> years<00:09:09.889> I<00:09:09.969> was<00:09:10.129> there.

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And<00:09:11.012> when<00:09:11.156> you<00:09:11.252> just<00:09:11.653> see<00:09:12.054> thousands<00:09:12.455> and<00:09:12.600> thousands<00:09:12.952> of<00:09:13.081> companies<00:09:13.562> working<00:09:13.899> on<00:09:15.407> thousands<00:09:15.759> and<00:09:15.904> thousands<00:09:16.321> of<00:09:16.610> different<00:09:16.866> sorts<00:09:17.187> of<00:09:17.267> technologies,<00:09:18.470> you<00:09:18.550> start<00:09:18.871> seeing<00:09:19.192> trends.

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Like,<00:09:19.753> trends<00:09:20.090> are<00:09:20.219> pretty<00:09:20.539> obvious<00:09:21.021> at<00:09:21.261> very<00:09:21.502> large<00:09:21.678> scale<00:09:22.079> like<00:09:22.320> that.

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Um,<00:09:24.004> and<00:09:24.165> what<00:09:24.325> was<00:09:24.549> trending<00:09:25.528> was,<00:09:25.993> you<00:09:26.025> know,<00:09:26.250> the<00:09:27.036> ability<00:09:27.774> to<00:09:27.918> use<00:09:28.239> some<00:09:28.495> of<00:09:28.559> the<00:09:28.736> modern<00:09:29.297> data<00:09:29.554> stack<00:09:30.484> back<00:09:30.661> then,<00:09:31.607> um,<00:09:31.944> to<00:09:32.024> start<00:09:32.570> doing<00:09:32.987> more<00:09:33.291> powerful<00:09:33.708> forms<00:09:34.029> of<00:09:34.174> machine<00:09:34.494> learning.

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And<00:09:36.412> then<00:09:36.574> another<00:09:36.962> tiny<00:09:37.205> bit<00:09:37.302> of<00:09:37.447> trivia,<00:09:38.257> the<00:09:38.418> office<00:09:38.661> underneath<00:09:39.082> us<00:09:39.308> was<00:09:39.405> Kaggle,<00:09:40.360> and<00:09:40.538> one<00:09:40.684> of<00:09:40.716> my<00:09:40.862> really<00:09:41.169> good<00:09:41.331> friends,<00:09:42.723> Kaggle,<00:09:43.273> and<00:09:43.321> so<00:09:44.082> I<00:09:44.098> would<00:09:44.179> go<00:09:44.341> down<00:09:44.584> for<00:09:44.729> lunch<00:09:44.988> every<00:09:45.215> now<00:09:45.328> and<00:09:45.441> again,<00:09:45.714> and<00:09:45.795> they<00:09:45.940> would<00:09:46.101> come<00:09:46.343> up<00:09:46.520> and<00:09:46.665> come<00:09:46.778> to<00:09:46.923> some<00:09:47.084> of<00:09:47.180> our<00:09:47.245> parties.

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And,<00:09:48.533> you<00:09:48.614> know,<00:09:48.775> being<00:09:49.017> aware<00:09:49.435> of<00:09:49.629> what<00:09:49.741> was<00:09:49.902> being<00:09:50.144> done<00:09:50.209> on<00:09:50.466> Kaggle<00:09:50.853> back<00:09:51.111> then<00:09:51.900> also<00:09:52.142> made<00:09:52.254> it<00:09:52.383> pretty<00:09:52.641> obvious<00:09:53.027> that<00:09:53.189> this<00:09:53.350> field<00:09:53.527> of<00:09:53.591> machine<00:09:53.929> learning<00:09:54.236> was,<00:09:54.420> uh,<00:09:55.320> was<00:09:55.420> taking<00:09:55.903> off.

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That's<00:09:58.439> incredible.

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It's<00:09:59.008> funny<00:09:59.252> to<00:09:59.398> think,<00:09:59.642> uh,<00:10:00.373> you<00:10:00.714> were<00:10:00.860> thinking<00:10:01.104> about<00:10:01.364> kind<00:10:01.494> of<00:10:01.542> like<00:10:01.851> the<00:10:02.078> existential<00:10:04.264> parts<00:10:04.649> of<00:10:04.826> life<00:10:05.227> even<00:10:05.468> as<00:10:05.628> a<00:10:05.708> kid<00:10:06.174> and<00:10:06.495> kind<00:10:06.687> of,<00:10:07.537> you<00:10:07.618> know,<00:10:08.115> how<00:10:08.275> all<00:10:08.596> this<00:10:09.222> even<00:10:09.463> works.

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Were<00:10:10.361> you<00:10:10.506> reading<00:10:10.762> like<00:10:10.923> philosophy,<00:10:11.629> like<00:10:11.805> Nietzsche<00:10:12.190> and<00:10:12.286> things<00:10:12.511> like<00:10:12.687> that?

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Or<00:10:13.153> like,<00:10:14.035> what<00:10:14.196> were—<00:10:14.757> I<00:10:14.853> don't<00:10:15.511> think<00:10:15.800> you<00:10:15.896> like<00:10:16.137> reading<00:10:16.458> Nietzsche<00:10:16.763> when<00:10:16.875> I<00:10:16.907> was<00:10:17.019> a<00:10:17.100> kid.

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And<00:10:17.501> if<00:10:17.661> I<00:10:17.805> did,<00:10:17.982> I<00:10:18.062> think<00:10:18.287> there'd<00:10:18.383> be<00:10:18.527> a<00:10:18.544> pretty<00:10:18.848> depressed<00:10:19.265> kid.

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Um,<00:10:20.453> I<00:10:20.549> wouldn't<00:10:20.790> have<00:10:20.918> been<00:10:21.046> the<00:10:21.175> happy<00:10:21.496> kid<00:10:21.736> that<00:10:21.897> I<00:10:21.993> was.

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Um,<00:10:23.421> uh,<00:10:24.865> I<00:10:24.881> was<00:10:25.041> pretty<00:10:25.202> interested<00:10:25.651> in<00:10:25.779> a<00:10:25.827> lot<00:10:25.908> of<00:10:25.988> that<00:10:26.261> stuff.

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Like,<00:10:26.950> I<00:10:27.111> would,<00:10:27.592> I<00:10:27.753> would,<00:10:28.394> you<00:10:28.475> know,<00:10:29.052> peek<00:10:29.437> into<00:10:30.240> some<00:10:30.497> of<00:10:30.673> those<00:10:30.978> books.

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But<00:10:31.845> no,<00:10:32.021> I<00:10:32.182> was<00:10:32.423> really<00:10:32.647> obsessed<00:10:33.048> with<00:10:33.145> anatomy<00:10:33.706> as<00:10:33.851> a<00:10:33.867> kid,<00:10:34.573> um,<00:10:34.910> and<00:10:35.071> biology,<00:10:36.419> uh,<00:10:36.515> for<00:10:36.740> quite<00:10:37.077> a<00:10:37.237> while,<00:10:37.638> like<00:10:38.040> probably<00:10:38.344> from<00:10:38.585> the<00:10:38.746> ages<00:10:39.163> of<00:10:40.206> 7<00:10:40.848> to<00:10:41.089> 12.

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Um,<00:10:43.416> part<00:10:43.721> of<00:10:43.801> that<00:10:44.042> was<00:10:44.282> probably<00:10:44.603> because<00:10:45.968> my<00:10:46.064> brother<00:10:46.385> was<00:10:46.610> into<00:10:46.947> it<00:10:47.332> and<00:10:47.572> I<00:10:47.669> was<00:10:47.829> into<00:10:48.134> it,<00:10:48.246> and<00:10:48.375> we<00:10:48.407> sort<00:10:48.632> of<00:10:48.696> fed<00:10:48.937> each<00:10:49.113> other's<00:10:49.354> curiosity<00:10:49.916> a<00:10:50.060> bit.

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Um,<00:10:51.745> part<00:10:52.002> of<00:10:52.082> that<00:10:52.243> was<00:10:52.467> just<00:10:52.788> spending<00:10:53.045> a<00:10:53.109> lot<00:10:53.286> of<00:10:53.366> time<00:10:53.623> in<00:10:53.751> the<00:10:53.783> natural<00:10:54.249> world.

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I<00:10:54.794> was<00:10:55.757> preferred<00:10:56.094> to<00:10:56.174> be<00:10:56.334> outside<00:10:56.735> rather<00:10:56.896> than<00:10:57.056> inside,<00:10:57.457> I<00:10:57.537> guess,<00:10:57.842> in<00:10:57.938> some<00:10:58.099> ways.

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But<00:10:59.286> honestly,<00:10:59.686> part<00:10:59.847> of<00:10:59.879> it<00:11:00.104> was<00:11:00.248> just<00:11:00.424> the<00:11:00.569> books<00:11:00.889> that<00:11:00.970> are<00:11:01.002> available<00:11:01.451> to<00:11:01.563> me,<00:11:02.092> um,<00:11:02.429> as<00:11:02.574> in<00:11:03.231> I<00:11:03.295> had<00:11:03.472> access<00:11:03.793> to<00:11:03.953> a<00:11:04.017> lot<00:11:04.129> of<00:11:04.274> encyclopedia,<00:11:05.862> um,<00:11:06.744> and<00:11:07.161> books<00:11:07.465> like<00:11:07.706> that.

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But,<00:11:09.085> you<00:11:09.166> know,<00:11:09.727> I,<00:11:10.609> I<00:11:10.770> didn't<00:11:11.154> grow<00:11:11.395> up<00:11:11.972> in<00:11:12.037> the<00:11:12.197> world<00:11:12.534> where<00:11:12.694> like<00:11:13.641> I<00:11:13.721> had<00:11:14.041> the<00:11:14.218> internet<00:11:15.405> in<00:11:15.501> my<00:11:15.661> pocket<00:11:16.287> all<00:11:16.528> the<00:11:16.688> time,<00:11:18.003> so<00:11:18.773> I<00:11:18.853> had<00:11:19.046> to<00:11:19.190> like<00:11:19.527> seek<00:11:19.976> out<00:11:20.136> knowledge.

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And<00:11:20.553> when<00:11:20.650> I<00:11:20.714> sought<00:11:21.179> out<00:11:21.339> knowledge,<00:11:21.676> it<00:11:21.756> was<00:11:21.917> in<00:11:22.077> more<00:11:22.173> structured<00:11:22.719> forms<00:11:23.200> and<00:11:23.986> I<00:11:24.018> was<00:11:24.484> just<00:11:24.725> always<00:11:25.046> bored<00:11:25.303> as<00:11:25.448> a<00:11:25.528> kid.

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So<00:11:26.412> if<00:11:26.717> I<00:11:26.797> had<00:11:26.990> a<00:11:27.135> set<00:11:27.279> of<00:11:27.376> encyclopedias,<00:11:28.083> I'd<00:11:28.179> just<00:11:28.484> read<00:11:28.725> all<00:11:28.902> of<00:11:28.983> them.

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Like<00:11:29.320> at<00:11:29.448> my<00:11:29.545> grandmother's<00:11:30.011> house,<00:11:30.814> that<00:11:30.975> was<00:11:31.151> there<00:11:32.019> and<00:11:32.517> I'd<00:11:32.662> be<00:11:32.758> at<00:11:32.903> her<00:11:33.063> house.

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My<00:11:33.963> mum<00:11:34.445> worked<00:11:34.863> and<00:11:35.168> I<00:11:35.248> was<00:11:35.393> there<00:11:35.570> for<00:11:35.650> a<00:11:35.730> couple<00:11:35.971> of<00:11:36.036> days<00:11:36.373> or<00:11:36.437> whatever<00:11:37.257> had<00:11:37.417> to<00:11:37.498> be<00:11:37.642> done<00:11:38.526> and<00:11:38.944> they<00:11:39.024> were<00:11:39.120> the<00:11:39.249> only<00:11:39.426> books<00:11:39.602> I<00:11:39.651> had<00:11:39.747> to<00:11:39.843> read.

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So<00:11:40.550> I<00:11:40.566> just<00:11:40.775> read<00:11:40.936> all<00:11:41.032> of<00:11:41.257> them.

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And<00:11:42.960> so<00:11:43.185> you<00:11:43.265> just<00:11:43.442> go<00:11:43.683> through<00:11:43.924> things<00:11:44.229> in<00:11:44.310> a<00:11:44.390> very<00:11:44.503> structured<00:11:44.952> way<00:11:45.113> and<00:11:45.209> I<00:11:45.290> think<00:11:45.515> that<00:11:45.563> probably<00:11:45.932> forms<00:11:46.880> the<00:11:46.977> way<00:11:47.121> you<00:11:47.218> think,<00:11:47.684> but<00:11:47.780> also<00:11:48.889> what<00:11:49.130> you<00:11:49.467> get<00:11:49.644> interested<00:11:50.190> in.

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Um,<00:11:52.018> and<00:11:52.595> yeah,<00:11:52.851> it<00:11:52.915> was,<00:11:53.476> it<00:11:53.524> was<00:11:53.636> a<00:11:53.716> combination<00:11:54.277> of<00:11:54.373> a<00:11:54.437> lot<00:11:54.614> of<00:11:54.678> things<00:11:55.062> of<00:11:55.158> why<00:11:55.223> I<00:11:55.399> was<00:11:55.559> really<00:11:55.719> interested<00:11:56.040> in<00:11:56.200> biology.

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The<00:11:57.145> weird<00:11:57.322> thing<00:11:57.546> is<00:11:57.642> I<00:11:57.722> never<00:11:57.963> studied<00:11:58.363> medicine,<00:11:59.164> as<00:11:59.309> in<00:11:59.886> I<00:11:59.966> did<00:12:00.110> all<00:12:00.270> the<00:12:00.350> exams,<00:12:00.927> you<00:12:01.023> know,<00:12:01.167> the<00:12:01.232> equivalent<00:12:01.632> of<00:12:01.873> the<00:12:01.985> MCATs,<00:12:02.449> all<00:12:02.530> that<00:12:02.626> sort<00:12:02.818> of<00:12:02.850> stuff.

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I<00:12:03.331> passed<00:12:03.651> them,<00:12:03.892> I<00:12:03.972> got<00:12:04.116> all<00:12:04.228> the<00:12:04.356> interviews,<00:12:04.853> I<00:12:04.933> got<00:12:05.158> in,<00:12:05.895> and<00:12:05.959> then<00:12:06.055> I<00:12:06.151> changed<00:12:06.455> my<00:12:06.552> mind<00:12:06.872> a<00:12:06.936> couple<00:12:07.177> of<00:12:07.257> minutes<00:12:07.641> before<00:12:07.898> midnight.

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Because<00:12:09.340> the<00:12:09.805> thing<00:12:10.045> about<00:12:10.221> medicine<00:12:10.686> is<00:12:10.782> you<00:12:11.263> are<00:12:11.359> told<00:12:12.368> what<00:12:12.465> to<00:12:12.609> do<00:12:12.865> for<00:12:12.993> a<00:12:13.025> very<00:12:13.282> long<00:12:13.490> time,<00:12:13.987> and,<00:12:14.227> uh,<00:12:14.868> as<00:12:15.012> any<00:12:15.173> entrepreneur<00:12:15.669> knows,<00:12:16.150> uh,<00:12:16.471> it's<00:12:17.273> sometimes<00:12:17.741> pretty<00:12:17.935> hard<00:12:18.161> to<00:12:18.225> be<00:12:18.322> told<00:12:18.548> what<00:12:18.726> to<00:12:18.806> do.

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Um,<00:12:20.001> and<00:12:20.340> I<00:12:20.485> was<00:12:20.646> a<00:12:20.808> lot<00:12:21.050> more<00:12:21.163> of<00:12:21.308> an<00:12:21.389> entrepreneur<00:12:21.792> than<00:12:22.018> I<00:12:22.099> was<00:12:22.212> a<00:12:22.276> scientist.

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What<00:12:24.713> did<00:12:24.907> you<00:12:24.939> do<00:12:25.149> after<00:12:25.408> AngelList?

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Uh,<00:12:28.156> I<00:12:28.318> met<00:12:28.480> Mark.

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Um,<00:12:29.385> so<00:12:29.531> I<00:12:29.611> met<00:12:29.919> Mark<00:12:30.177> Gorenberg,<00:12:31.293> who<00:12:31.616> had<00:12:31.713> been<00:12:32.182> a<00:12:32.263> guy<00:12:32.425> who's<00:12:32.603> been<00:12:32.683> investing<00:12:33.168> for<00:12:33.233> a<00:12:33.314> long<00:12:33.459> time<00:12:33.797> in<00:12:33.877> Utah<00:12:34.199> and<00:12:34.296> other<00:12:34.457> places,<00:12:35.568> um,<00:12:35.826> and<00:12:35.922> someone<00:12:36.212> you<00:12:36.309> know.

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And<00:12:38.225> I<00:12:38.322> met<00:12:38.563> him<00:12:39.288> while<00:12:39.352> I<00:12:39.530> was<00:12:39.691> at<00:12:39.771> AngelList,<00:12:40.560> and<00:12:41.462> he<00:12:41.865> had<00:12:42.106> started<00:12:42.589> a<00:12:42.800> fund,<00:12:43.389> and<00:12:43.635> he<00:12:43.717> was<00:12:43.832> really<00:12:44.077> focused<00:12:44.553> on<00:12:44.585> data<00:12:44.782> and<00:12:44.946> analytics<00:12:45.110> and<00:12:45.192> calling<00:12:45.306> it<00:12:45.355> the<00:12:45.388> Analytics<00:12:45.650> Fund,<00:12:45.962> and<00:12:46.109> called<00:12:46.437> it<00:12:46.519> Zetta,<00:12:46.666> and<00:12:46.765> had<00:12:46.830> raised<00:12:48.980> part<00:12:49.160> of<00:12:49.420> a<00:12:49.500> fund.

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And,<00:12:50.580> um,<00:12:51.280> we<00:12:51.520> just<00:12:51.700> had<00:12:51.780> a<00:12:52.000> big<00:12:52.160> mind<00:12:52.520> meld<00:12:52.720> over,<00:12:53.300> you<00:12:54.060> know,<00:12:54.240> this<00:12:54.420> idea<00:12:54.980> that,<00:12:55.380> uh,<00:12:55.900> that<00:12:55.960> was<00:12:56.180> going<00:12:56.280> to<00:12:56.380> be<00:12:56.520> the<00:12:56.620> most<00:12:56.840> important<00:12:57.230> technology<00:12:57.780> of<00:12:58.000> the<00:12:58.180> next<00:12:58.340> decade.

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You<00:12:59.140> know,<00:12:59.300> you<00:12:59.500> could<00:12:59.700> call<00:12:59.980> it<00:13:01.640> high-powered<00:13:02.280> analytics,<00:13:03.000> you<00:13:03.001> could<00:13:03.200> call<00:13:03.420> it<00:13:03.640> machine<00:13:03.780> learning,<00:13:04.320> you<00:13:04.321> could<00:13:04.520> call<00:13:04.720> it<00:13:04.880> AI.

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There's<00:13:05.501> lots<00:13:05.680> of<00:13:05.880> different<00:13:06.060> parts,<00:13:06.560> and<00:13:06.620> all<00:13:06.760> these<00:13:06.960> things<00:13:07.200> are<00:13:07.360> subsets<00:13:07.840> and<00:13:07.990> supersets<00:13:08.440> of<00:13:08.620> each<00:13:08.800> other<00:13:08.960> in<00:13:09.140> some<00:13:09.320> ways.

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But,<00:13:10.700> um,<00:13:11.200> I<00:13:11.420> met<00:13:11.600> him,<00:13:11.960> uh,<00:13:12.500> through<00:13:12.580> a<00:13:12.720> friend<00:13:12.840> of<00:13:13.020> ours,<00:13:13.260> and,<00:13:13.760> um,<00:13:14.120> we<00:13:14.320> just<00:13:14.480> got<00:13:14.640> talking,<00:13:14.980> talking,<00:13:15.360> talking.

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And,<00:13:15.980> uh,<00:13:16.300> I<00:13:16.500> was<00:13:16.640> ready,<00:13:17.020> I<00:13:17.120> guess,<00:13:17.400> to<00:13:17.646> concentrate<00:13:18.464> my<00:13:18.545> investing<00:13:19.026> at<00:13:19.106> the<00:13:19.187> time.

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I<00:13:19.668> was<00:13:20.070> spread<00:13:20.455> very<00:13:20.631> thin<00:13:21.258> at<00:13:21.354> AngelList<00:13:21.996> as<00:13:22.237> an<00:13:22.381> investor.

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I<00:13:22.847> was<00:13:23.537> very<00:13:23.746> concentrated<00:13:24.645> as<00:13:24.805> like<00:13:25.046> a,<00:13:25.688> as<00:13:25.865> a<00:13:26.009> product<00:13:26.411> manager<00:13:26.812> and<00:13:26.892> a<00:13:26.956> member<00:13:27.197> of<00:13:27.277> the<00:13:27.358> team<00:13:27.695> and<00:13:27.775> a<00:13:27.839> manager,<00:13:28.401> but<00:13:28.674> spread<00:13:28.979> very<00:13:29.140> thin<00:13:29.461> as<00:13:29.621> an<00:13:29.717> investor.

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And,<00:13:30.970> um,<00:13:31.371> I<00:13:31.451> wanted<00:13:31.692> to<00:13:31.933> sort<00:13:32.109> of<00:13:32.190> concentrate<00:13:32.752> my<00:13:32.800> investing<00:13:33.329> skills<00:13:33.795> and<00:13:33.956> put<00:13:34.132> a<00:13:34.180> lot<00:13:34.341> of<00:13:34.437> what<00:13:34.582> I'd<00:13:34.742> learned<00:13:34.919> into<00:13:35.159> practice<00:13:36.347> and,<00:13:36.524> uh,<00:13:36.941> take<00:13:37.246> on<00:13:37.343> a<00:13:37.391> lot<00:13:37.551> more<00:13:37.632> responsibility.

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So,<00:13:38.932> uh,<00:13:39.719> I<00:13:39.815> did,<00:13:40.040> and<00:13:40.136> I<00:13:40.216> joined<00:13:40.457> Mark,<00:13:40.842> and,<00:13:41.003> um,<00:13:41.645> we,<00:13:42.223> we<00:13:42.367> worked<00:13:42.624> on<00:13:42.945> together<00:13:43.282> for<00:13:43.491> many<00:13:43.732> years<00:13:44.069> until<00:13:45.440> uh,<00:13:45.780> the<00:13:46.088> end<00:13:46.980> of<00:13:47.628> 2021,<00:13:49.492> um,<00:13:49.914> when<00:13:50.546> I<00:13:50.643> left<00:13:50.870> Zetta<00:13:51.292> and<00:13:51.875> started<00:13:52.248> doing<00:13:52.426> more<00:13:52.507> of<00:13:52.669> my<00:13:52.767> own<00:13:52.929> stuff.

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Yeah,<00:13:54.236> what<00:13:54.414> had<00:13:54.625> you—<00:13:54.867> I'm<00:13:55.223> sorry,<00:13:55.515> at<00:13:55.547> the<00:13:55.628> beginning<00:13:55.887> of<00:13:55.935> this<00:13:56.097> conversation<00:13:56.567> I<00:13:56.664> was<00:13:57.133> acting<00:13:57.408> as<00:13:57.537> though<00:13:57.635> you<00:13:57.780> were<00:13:57.813> still<00:13:58.104> there,<00:13:58.444> but<00:13:59.091> what<00:13:59.317> had<00:13:59.560> you<00:13:59.803> leave<00:14:00.127> Zetta?

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Oh,<00:14:02.293> so<00:14:02.614> many<00:14:02.855> different<00:14:03.241> things.

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I<00:14:03.675> mean,<00:14:04.526> overall,<00:14:05.024> life<00:14:05.281> is<00:14:05.426> long.

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Like,<00:14:06.149> there's<00:14:06.374> so<00:14:06.406> much.

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Yeah,<00:14:07.258> yeah,<00:14:07.499> yeah.

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And,<00:14:08.543> um,<00:14:09.266> I<00:14:09.298> just<00:14:09.668> had<00:14:09.780> a<00:14:09.844> lot<00:14:10.021> of<00:14:10.150> other<00:14:10.326> ideas,<00:14:10.744> a<00:14:10.792> lot<00:14:10.857> of<00:14:10.969> other<00:14:11.194> things<00:14:11.451> to<00:14:11.580> do,<00:14:11.940> and<00:14:12.716> I'd<00:14:12.797> also<00:14:13.055> written<00:14:13.377> a<00:14:13.522> book<00:14:13.860> about<00:14:14.183> AI<00:14:15.133> called<00:14:15.391> The<00:14:15.617> AI<00:14:15.794> First<00:14:16.116> Company.

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You<00:14:17.889> can<00:14:17.986> look<00:14:18.195> up<00:14:18.276> my<00:14:18.308> name,<00:14:18.678> you<00:14:18.759> can<00:14:18.856> look<00:14:19.081> up<00:14:19.178> that<00:14:19.484> and<00:14:19.581> find<00:14:19.823> it<00:14:19.903> anywhere<00:14:20.306> in<00:14:20.338> the<00:14:20.532> world.

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And<00:14:23.402> writing<00:14:23.661> a<00:14:23.806> book<00:14:23.984> is<00:14:24.081> a<00:14:24.146> really<00:14:24.389> amazing<00:14:24.793> thing<00:14:25.036> because<00:14:25.424> when<00:14:25.683> people<00:14:26.006> read<00:14:26.233> it,<00:14:27.607> they<00:14:27.769> get<00:14:27.931> ideas.

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That's<00:14:28.594> the<00:14:28.675> benefit<00:14:29.063> of<00:14:29.096> sharing<00:14:29.468> knowledge.

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You're<00:14:30.681> giving<00:14:30.956> someone<00:14:31.732> a<00:14:31.813> bit<00:14:31.926> of<00:14:32.040> knowledge<00:14:32.330> and<00:14:34.493> they<00:14:34.719> can<00:14:34.816> have<00:14:34.994> it<00:14:35.139> too.

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You<00:14:35.526> can<00:14:35.623> both<00:14:35.849> have<00:14:36.011> that<00:14:36.172> piece<00:14:36.350> of<00:14:36.511> knowledge.

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It's<00:14:36.979> not<00:14:37.028> like<00:14:37.221> giving<00:14:37.641> them<00:14:37.883> a<00:14:37.964> physical<00:14:38.351> object<00:14:38.836> where<00:14:39.320> either<00:14:39.885> one<00:14:40.143> or<00:14:40.385> the<00:14:40.531> other<00:14:40.708> of<00:14:40.837> you<00:14:40.934> has<00:14:41.113> it.

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And<00:14:41.569> people<00:14:41.840> contact<00:14:42.093> you.

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People<00:14:42.262> contact<00:14:42.464> you<00:14:44.568> different<00:14:45.515> ideas<00:14:46.157> about<00:14:46.959> companies<00:14:47.842> they<00:14:47.987> want<00:14:48.163> to<00:14:48.195> start,<00:14:48.484> of<00:14:48.629> course,<00:14:48.966> but<00:14:49.110> also<00:14:49.448> research<00:14:49.913> they<00:14:50.074> want<00:14:50.250> to<00:14:50.362> do,<00:14:50.732> and<00:14:50.876> also<00:14:51.839> policies<00:14:52.417> they<00:14:52.497> think<00:14:52.802> their<00:14:52.899> government<00:14:53.300> should<00:14:53.541> enact,<00:14:54.022> and<00:14:54.729> all<00:14:54.841> sorts<00:14:55.146> of<00:14:55.178> different<00:14:55.387> things.

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And<00:14:55.804> so<00:14:55.933> I<00:14:56.013> was<00:14:56.189> getting<00:14:56.430> all<00:14:56.527> sorts<00:14:56.751> of<00:14:56.815> people<00:14:56.992> contacting<00:14:57.393> me<00:14:57.538> with<00:14:57.698> all<00:14:57.779> these<00:14:57.955> ideas.

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And,<00:14:58.581> you<00:14:58.661> know,<00:14:58.758> at<00:14:58.902> Zetta,<00:14:59.336> I<00:14:59.384> had<00:14:59.560> to<00:14:59.641> be<00:14:59.897> extremely<00:15:00.845> focused<00:15:01.631> on<00:15:01.808> our<00:15:01.968> job,<00:15:02.434> which<00:15:02.594> was<00:15:02.691> to<00:15:02.851> invest<00:15:03.172> the<00:15:03.317> money<00:15:03.573> of<00:15:03.718> the<00:15:03.814> charities<00:15:04.296> and<00:15:04.360> the<00:15:04.456> pension<00:15:04.858> funds<00:15:05.805> and<00:15:05.901> others<00:15:06.222> that<00:15:06.383> we<00:15:06.543> invested<00:15:07.089> for.

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And<00:15:08.453> I<00:15:08.534> had<00:15:08.710> to<00:15:08.790> say<00:15:08.967> no<00:15:09.272> to<00:15:09.336> all<00:15:09.432> of<00:15:09.577> those<00:15:09.914> things,<00:15:10.155> and<00:15:10.396> it<00:15:10.476> just<00:15:10.636> got<00:15:10.813> a<00:15:10.861> bit<00:15:11.022> overwhelming<00:15:11.503> at<00:15:11.600> some<00:15:11.760> point.

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Um,<00:15:13.105> so<00:15:13.186> yeah,<00:15:13.492> life<00:15:13.686> is<00:15:13.847> long,<00:15:14.057> there's<00:15:14.219> lots<00:15:14.396> of<00:15:14.461> things<00:15:14.783> to<00:15:14.880> do,<00:15:15.671> and,<00:15:15.913> uh,<00:15:16.171> we<00:15:16.252> had<00:15:16.413> a<00:15:16.494> really<00:15:16.736> good<00:15:16.897> team<00:15:17.381> together,<00:15:17.768> and,<00:15:18.107> uh,<00:15:18.817> I<00:15:19.221> wanted<00:15:19.543> to<00:15:20.043> go<00:15:20.269> out<00:15:20.366> into<00:15:20.592> the<00:15:20.689> world<00:15:20.834> again<00:15:21.012> and<00:15:21.334> do<00:15:21.480> other<00:15:21.673> things.

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Yeah,<00:15:23.523> speaking<00:15:23.832> of<00:15:23.929> your<00:15:24.011> book,<00:15:24.563> what<00:15:24.660> I<00:15:24.741> really<00:15:24.969> want<00:15:25.164> to<00:15:25.213> talk<00:15:25.391> to<00:15:25.456> you<00:15:25.537> about<00:15:25.943> is<00:15:26.187> the<00:15:26.285> future<00:15:26.691> of<00:15:26.837> AI,<00:15:27.422> where<00:15:27.568> you<00:15:27.746> think<00:15:28.136> AI<00:15:28.477> is<00:15:28.721> right<00:15:28.965> now.

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Obviously<00:15:30.304> ChatGPT,<00:15:31.272> in<00:15:31.336> particular<00:15:31.756> ChatGPT-4,<00:15:32.804> has<00:15:33.030> really<00:15:33.208> kind<00:15:33.353> of<00:15:33.450> blown,<00:15:34.079> uh,<00:15:34.337> people's<00:15:34.821> minds<00:15:35.241> and<00:15:35.386> woken<00:15:35.708> a<00:15:35.773> lot<00:15:35.967> of<00:15:36.128> us,<00:15:37.144> um,<00:15:37.628> up<00:15:37.806> into,<00:15:38.774> you<00:15:38.838> know,<00:15:39.016> even—<00:15:39.338> I<00:15:39.355> mean,<00:15:39.564> even<00:15:39.726> the<00:15:39.825> president's<00:15:40.305> having<00:15:40.569> meetings<00:15:40.784> about<00:15:40.883> this<00:15:40.933> now,<00:15:40.983> like<00:15:41.082> how<00:15:41.164> it's<00:15:41.264> regulated<00:15:41.462> and<00:15:41.578> things<00:15:41.727> like<00:15:41.776> that.

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So<00:15:41.991> it's<00:15:42.090> really<00:15:44.110> kind<00:15:44.223> of<00:15:44.288> woken<00:15:44.532> up<00:15:44.629> the<00:15:44.776> world.

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Where<00:15:45.198> do<00:15:45.279> you<00:15:45.507> think<00:15:45.669> it's<00:15:45.848> at<00:15:46.254> and<00:15:46.400> where<00:15:46.514> do<00:15:46.563> you<00:15:46.725> think<00:15:46.904> it's<00:15:47.066> going?

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And<00:15:47.537> I<00:15:47.570> know<00:15:47.716> that's<00:15:48.366> an<00:15:48.463> enormous<00:15:48.918> question.

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Yeah,<00:15:51.261> it<00:15:51.345> is,<00:15:51.598> and<00:15:51.700> I'm<00:15:51.852> glad<00:15:52.105> you<00:15:52.189> recognize<00:15:52.696> that.

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Um,<00:15:54.572> so,<00:15:56.950> uh,<00:15:57.097> where<00:15:57.276> it's<00:15:57.667> at<00:15:58.660> is,<00:15:59.770> um,<00:16:01.819> a<00:16:01.835> very<00:16:02.464> good<00:16:03.110> point<00:16:03.755> when<00:16:03.981> you<00:16:04.078> consider<00:16:04.869> that<00:16:06.902> in<00:16:06.983> a<00:16:06.999> sense<00:16:07.467> we've<00:16:07.693> been<00:16:08.354> building<00:16:08.822> language<00:16:09.242> models<00:16:09.582> since<00:16:10.036> the<00:16:10.134> very<00:16:10.361> beginning<00:16:10.717> of<00:16:10.863> AI.

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Like,<00:16:11.512> a<00:16:11.593> lot<00:16:11.755> of<00:16:11.820> the<00:16:12.144> earliest<00:16:12.566> forms<00:16:12.890> of<00:16:12.971> AI<00:16:13.458> were<00:16:14.236> programmers<00:16:15.197> writing<00:16:15.678> programs<00:16:16.335> to<00:16:16.495> write<00:16:16.655> more<00:16:16.880> code<00:16:17.617> to<00:16:17.697> save<00:16:17.761> them<00:16:18.081> time.

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Um,<00:16:19.603> and<00:16:19.924> you<00:16:20.180> know,<00:16:20.565> that's<00:16:20.821> a<00:16:20.901> language<00:16:21.382> model<00:16:21.622> in<00:16:21.718> a<00:16:21.782> sense,<00:16:22.263> but<00:16:22.407> it's<00:16:23.128> a<00:16:23.208> language<00:16:23.625> model<00:16:23.929> that<00:16:24.105> spits<00:16:24.730> out<00:16:24.906> language<00:16:25.307> understood<00:16:25.708> by<00:16:25.868> computers,<00:16:26.429> not<00:16:26.509> by<00:16:26.669> humans.

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Then<00:16:27.951> we<00:16:28.111> were<00:16:28.255> building<00:16:28.752> language<00:16:29.152> models,<00:16:29.857> uh,<00:16:30.194> in<00:16:30.418> early<00:16:30.658> translation<00:16:31.315> systems.

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You<00:16:32.052> know,<00:16:32.260> IBM<00:16:33.734> in<00:16:33.879> the<00:16:33.943> '60s<00:16:34.439> was<00:16:34.680> building<00:16:35.417> statistical<00:16:36.314> machine<00:16:36.763> translation<00:16:37.403> systems.

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They<00:16:38.429> were<00:16:38.669> models.

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They<00:16:39.246> were<00:16:39.663> things<00:16:40.031> that<00:16:40.191> understood<00:16:40.848> language<00:16:41.713> or<00:16:41.906> generated<00:16:42.611> language.

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And<00:16:44.060> so<00:16:44.440> we've<00:16:44.580> been<00:16:44.700> working<00:16:44.980> on<00:16:45.140> this<00:16:45.300> stuff<00:16:45.580> for<00:16:45.740> a<00:16:46.040> long<00:16:46.041> time,<00:16:46.560> but<00:16:47.260> we've<00:16:47.860> been<00:16:48.020> able<00:16:48.240> to<00:16:48.360> build<00:16:48.580> very<00:16:48.800> large<00:16:49.220> language<00:16:49.500> models.

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We've<00:16:50.100> been<00:16:50.180> able<00:16:50.360> to<00:16:50.440> process<00:16:50.760> the<00:16:50.960> data,<00:16:51.260> get<00:16:51.380> into<00:16:51.620> those<00:16:51.800> models.

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We've<00:16:52.280> been<00:16:52.420> able<00:16:52.520> to<00:16:52.640> have<00:16:52.760> access<00:16:53.180> to<00:16:53.940> distributed<00:16:54.440> computing<00:16:54.960> to<00:16:55.200> run<00:16:55.360> those<00:16:55.540> models,<00:16:55.840> all<00:16:55.980> that<00:16:56.100> sort<00:16:56.300> of<00:16:56.340> stuff.

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So<00:16:57.420> where<00:16:57.540> is<00:16:57.660> it<00:16:57.880> at?

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It's<00:16:58.500> in<00:16:59.020> a<00:16:59.120> great<00:16:59.320> place.

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It's<00:16:59.761> in<00:17:00.020> a<00:17:00.180> place<00:17:00.500> where<00:17:00.960> so<00:17:01.380> much<00:17:01.560> good<00:17:01.880> research,<00:17:02.860> so<00:17:03.000> much<00:17:03.160> good<00:17:03.400> thinking,<00:17:03.960> so<00:17:04.080> much<00:17:04.260> good<00:17:04.520> work<00:17:04.700> on<00:17:05.380> core<00:17:05.680> bits<00:17:05.860> of<00:17:06.080> infrastructure<00:17:06.600> has<00:17:06.940> culminated<00:17:07.640> in<00:17:08.680> these<00:17:09.300> products<00:17:09.840> that<00:17:10.020> are<00:17:10.140> incredible.

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And<00:17:10.800> I<00:17:10.880> think<00:17:10.980> the<00:17:11.220> breakthroughs<00:17:11.700> have<00:17:11.860> really<00:17:12.240> been<00:17:12.540> around<00:17:13.519> some<00:17:13.727> of<00:17:13.968> the<00:17:14.048> finer<00:17:14.947> tuning<00:17:15.733> around<00:17:15.990> data<00:17:16.231> collection<00:17:16.712> and<00:17:16.792> model<00:17:17.097> training<00:17:17.579> that<00:17:17.835> was<00:17:18.076> done<00:17:18.317> by<00:17:18.477> OpenAI,<00:17:19.601> and<00:17:19.761> just<00:17:20.002> excellent<00:17:20.483> product<00:17:20.836> development<00:17:21.350> work.

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ChatGPT<00:17:23.773> itself<00:17:24.351> is<00:17:24.479> a<00:17:24.736> really<00:17:25.137> good,<00:17:25.618> easy-to-use<00:17:26.324> product,<00:17:26.982> and<00:17:28.651> I<00:17:28.667> don't<00:17:28.908> think<00:17:29.085> it's<00:17:29.229> controversial<00:17:30.192> to<00:17:30.336> say<00:17:30.753> that<00:17:31.636> a<00:17:31.700> lot<00:17:31.877> of<00:17:31.957> the<00:17:32.101> core<00:17:32.503> technology<00:17:33.080> behind<00:17:33.401> ChatGPT<00:17:34.685> was<00:17:34.910> not<00:17:35.792> developed<00:17:36.193> by—<00:17:36.627> or<00:17:36.771> is<00:17:37.012> proprietary<00:17:37.638> to,<00:17:38.055> or<00:17:38.135> is<00:17:38.296> like<00:17:38.697> completely<00:17:39.419> breakthrough<00:17:40.611> thing<00:17:40.870> that<00:17:41.017> was<00:17:41.195> done<00:17:41.504> only<00:17:41.764> by<00:17:41.845> OpenAI,<00:17:43.794> but<00:17:44.184> a<00:17:44.265> lot<00:17:44.379> of<00:17:44.444> the<00:17:44.525> product<00:17:45.256> work<00:17:45.646> and<00:17:45.743> the<00:17:45.987> data<00:17:46.295> management<00:17:46.782> work<00:17:47.205> was.

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And<00:17:48.523> so<00:17:48.995> we're<00:17:49.158> at<00:17:49.239> a<00:17:49.337> really<00:17:49.516> good<00:17:49.662> place<00:17:50.069> because<00:17:50.394> they<00:17:50.492> did<00:17:50.785> all<00:17:50.882> of<00:17:51.029> that<00:17:51.273> work,<00:17:52.249> and<00:17:52.998> it<00:17:53.242> was<00:17:53.404> a<00:17:53.469> huge<00:17:53.827> amount<00:17:54.039> of<00:17:54.120> work<00:17:54.234> by<00:17:54.462> some<00:17:54.706> incredible<00:17:55.178> people.

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So<00:17:56.259> it's<00:17:56.405> in<00:17:56.566> a<00:17:56.583> really<00:17:56.889> good<00:17:57.051> place<00:17:57.439> in<00:17:57.519> a<00:17:57.600> way.

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I<00:17:58.327> think<00:17:58.488> it's<00:17:58.602> in<00:17:58.731> a<00:17:58.812> good<00:17:58.973> place<00:17:59.312> in<00:17:59.393> another<00:17:59.700> way<00:17:59.942> because<00:18:00.847> people<00:18:01.477> are<00:18:02.623> really<00:18:02.930> quite<00:18:03.512> a<00:18:03.754> lot<00:18:05.626> more<00:18:05.937> concerned,<00:18:07.001> and<00:18:07.263> I<00:18:07.345> would<00:18:07.509> say<00:18:08.000> awake<00:18:08.573> to<00:18:09.516> what<00:18:09.677> this<00:18:09.837> technology<00:18:10.559> is<00:18:10.719> capable<00:18:11.216> of.

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And<00:18:12.082> I<00:18:12.114> say<00:18:12.403> this<00:18:12.579> in<00:18:12.676> a<00:18:12.740> very<00:18:12.964> positive<00:18:13.461> way<00:18:13.782> because,<00:18:14.648> you<00:18:14.728> know,<00:18:14.889> really<00:18:15.129> for<00:18:15.386> years<00:18:15.706> I've<00:18:15.851> been<00:18:16.107> battling<00:18:17.134> to<00:18:17.230> try<00:18:17.470> and<00:18:17.550> convince<00:18:18.032> people<00:18:18.513> that<00:18:18.673> they<00:18:18.833> can<00:18:19.074> use<00:18:19.379> this<00:18:19.475> stuff<00:18:20.517> to<00:18:20.742> do<00:18:20.934> things<00:18:21.399> and<00:18:21.479> save<00:18:21.800> time<00:18:22.201> and<00:18:22.361> money<00:18:22.682> and<00:18:22.907> effort<00:18:23.388> and<00:18:23.724> energy<00:18:24.366> and<00:18:24.703> all<00:18:24.783> sorts<00:18:25.087> of<00:18:25.168> different<00:18:25.552> resources.

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I've<00:18:26.835> been<00:18:27.012> trying<00:18:27.252> to<00:18:27.316> convince<00:18:27.637> people<00:18:27.878> of<00:18:28.038> this<00:18:28.198> for<00:18:28.295> a<00:18:28.375> long<00:18:28.615> time.

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And,<00:18:29.722> um,<00:18:30.460> you<00:18:30.620> know,<00:18:30.700> once<00:18:30.876> they<00:18:30.957> see<00:18:31.245> ChatGPT<00:18:31.983> work,<00:18:32.304> they're<00:18:32.384> like,<00:18:32.769> oh,<00:18:32.945> I<00:18:33.089> can<00:18:33.250> use<00:18:33.362> this<00:18:33.587> for<00:18:33.747> that,<00:18:34.068> this<00:18:34.372> or<00:18:34.452> that,<00:18:34.709> and<00:18:34.853> planning<00:18:35.190> this<00:18:35.511> and<00:18:35.992> automating<00:18:36.457> that.

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So,<00:18:37.596> you<00:18:37.693> know,<00:18:38.142> being<00:18:38.543> such<00:18:38.800> an<00:18:39.104> easy-to-use<00:18:39.746> product,<00:18:40.709> um,<00:18:41.671> it<00:18:42.072> is<00:18:42.168> more<00:18:42.377> accessible<00:18:42.971> by<00:18:43.067> a<00:18:43.195> lot<00:18:43.356> more<00:18:43.452> people<00:18:44.013> with<00:18:44.174> far<00:18:44.414> less<00:18:44.575> technical<00:18:44.992> skills.

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And<00:18:46.019> I<00:18:46.099> think<00:18:46.259> that's<00:18:46.436> a<00:18:46.564> good<00:18:46.725> thing,<00:18:47.206> um,<00:18:47.382> because<00:18:47.703> then,<00:18:48.393> you<00:18:48.441> know,<00:18:48.505> people<00:18:49.131> that<00:18:49.227> are<00:18:49.291> from<00:18:49.773> one<00:18:50.029> domain<00:18:50.591> but<00:18:50.687> have<00:18:50.896> no<00:18:51.008> experience<00:18:51.698> with<00:18:51.955> AI<00:18:52.115> products<00:18:53.078> can<00:18:53.238> see<00:18:53.559> how<00:18:53.800> AI<00:18:54.104> products<00:18:54.393> can<00:18:54.666> help<00:18:54.842> them<00:18:55.003> in<00:18:55.147> their<00:18:55.259> domain.

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Um,<00:18:56.687> and<00:18:56.832> so<00:18:57.168> I<00:18:57.329> think<00:18:57.554> it's—<00:18:57.874> we're<00:18:57.971> in<00:18:58.067> a<00:18:58.195> good<00:18:58.356> place<00:18:58.677> for<00:18:58.773> that<00:18:58.933> reason<00:18:59.206> because<00:18:59.398> more<00:18:59.495> people<00:18:59.976> are<00:19:00.008> more<00:19:00.152> aware<00:19:00.297> of<00:19:00.457> it.

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I<00:19:01.259> think<00:19:01.420> we're<00:19:01.644> maybe<00:19:02.286> in<00:19:02.447> a<00:19:02.543> slightly<00:19:02.960> negative<00:19:03.586> place<00:19:04.051> because<00:19:04.468> people<00:19:04.773> are<00:19:04.869> freaked<00:19:05.254> out<00:19:05.350> by<00:19:05.575> it.

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And<00:19:08.381> I<00:19:08.541> get<00:19:08.781> that,<00:19:09.342> um,<00:19:10.000> but<00:19:11.122> in<00:19:11.266> a<00:19:11.298> sense,<00:19:11.843> like,<00:19:12.244> with—<00:19:12.725> I<00:19:12.805> think<00:19:14.152> we're<00:19:14.248> freaked<00:19:14.633> out<00:19:14.809> by<00:19:14.986> it<00:19:15.130> because<00:19:15.531> we<00:19:15.611> can<00:19:15.771> see<00:19:16.092> it<00:19:16.236> understands<00:19:16.893> us<00:19:17.054> a<00:19:17.134> little<00:19:17.374> bit.

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And<00:19:18.416> I<00:19:18.480> was<00:19:18.561> just<00:19:18.737> thinking<00:19:19.058> about<00:19:19.202> this<00:19:19.314> today,<00:19:19.699> it's<00:19:19.923> like<00:19:21.446> when<00:19:21.558> you<00:19:21.623> see<00:19:21.863> an<00:19:22.168> animal<00:19:22.745> just<00:19:22.969> like<00:19:23.370> walking<00:19:23.771> through<00:19:24.749> a<00:19:24.829> piece<00:19:25.150> of<00:19:25.294> land,<00:19:26.913> you're<00:19:27.009> not<00:19:27.234> really<00:19:27.474> freaked<00:19:27.859> out<00:19:27.891> by<00:19:28.099> that<00:19:28.276> animal.

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You're<00:19:28.821> like,<00:19:29.061> oh,<00:19:29.157> that's<00:19:29.382> just<00:19:29.558> doing<00:19:30.103> its<00:19:30.264> own<00:19:30.440> thing.

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It's<00:19:31.065> like<00:19:31.306> looking<00:19:31.706> for<00:19:32.123> another<00:19:32.508> animal,<00:19:32.845> it's<00:19:33.069> looking<00:19:33.261> for<00:19:33.406> its<00:19:33.550> partner,<00:19:34.127> it's<00:19:34.448> looking<00:19:34.752> for<00:19:34.833> a<00:19:34.913> piece<00:19:35.089> of<00:19:35.249> fruit,<00:19:35.490> whatever<00:19:35.666> it's<00:19:35.826> looking<00:19:36.115> for.

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When<00:19:37.382> you<00:19:37.479> start<00:19:37.947> getting<00:19:38.205> the<00:19:38.285> impression<00:19:38.834> that<00:19:39.318> that<00:19:39.641> animal<00:19:40.464> is<00:19:40.690> tracking<00:19:41.271> you,<00:19:42.078> as<00:19:42.239> in<00:19:42.400> trying<00:19:42.804> to<00:19:42.884> predict<00:19:43.369> your<00:19:43.514> next<00:19:43.836> movement,<00:19:44.337> and<00:19:44.417> when<00:19:44.482> you<00:19:44.514> start<00:19:44.708> getting<00:19:44.982> the<00:19:45.144> impression<00:19:45.612> that<00:19:45.773> that<00:19:45.854> animal<00:19:46.192> knows<00:19:46.513> where<00:19:46.674> you're<00:19:46.835> going,<00:19:47.682> you<00:19:47.702> start<00:19:48.024> getting<00:19:48.265> freaked<00:19:48.586> out.

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And<00:19:50.048> the<00:19:50.209> thing<00:19:50.514> is,<00:19:50.851> we've<00:19:51.012> had<00:19:51.398> AIs<00:19:52.040> that<00:19:52.137> have<00:19:52.378> been<00:19:52.619> doing<00:19:52.940> things<00:19:53.262> in<00:19:53.326> the<00:19:53.486> background<00:19:53.985> all<00:19:54.129> the<00:19:54.226> time,<00:19:54.692> but<00:19:55.029> we<00:19:55.093> haven't<00:19:55.334> cared<00:19:55.640> about<00:19:55.913> it<00:19:56.074> because<00:19:56.702> we<00:19:56.783> haven't<00:19:56.960> had<00:19:57.121> the<00:19:57.185> impression<00:19:57.685> that<00:19:57.733> it<00:19:57.846> has<00:19:58.007> any<00:19:58.168> understanding<00:19:58.651> of<00:19:58.812> us<00:19:58.973> or<00:19:59.537> has<00:19:59.633> anything<00:19:59.955> to<00:20:00.100> do<00:20:00.245> with<00:20:00.487> us.

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But<00:20:01.405> now<00:20:01.694> we're<00:20:01.855> getting<00:20:02.033> the<00:20:02.097> impression<00:20:02.580> that<00:20:02.693> it<00:20:02.902> understands<00:20:03.579> us,<00:20:04.046> and<00:20:04.190> actually<00:20:04.448> nothing's<00:20:05.352> nothing's<00:20:05.833> changed.

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A<00:20:06.779> lot's<00:20:07.035> changed,<00:20:07.372> but<00:20:07.516> also<00:20:07.692> nothing's<00:20:08.157> changed.

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It<00:20:09.023> doesn't<00:20:09.343> actually<00:20:09.824> understand<00:20:10.642> us.

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We<00:20:11.587> just<00:20:11.844> get<00:20:11.988> this<00:20:12.245> weird<00:20:12.725> feeling<00:20:13.206> that<00:20:13.270> it<00:20:13.367> understands<00:20:14.088> us<00:20:14.328> because<00:20:14.729> the<00:20:14.873> predictions<00:20:16.396> are<00:20:16.428> more<00:20:16.653> in<00:20:16.797> line<00:20:17.053> with<00:20:17.214> our<00:20:17.438> own<00:20:17.614> predictions,<00:20:19.041> um,<00:20:19.378> as<00:20:19.522> in<00:20:19.618> the<00:20:19.762> predictions<00:20:20.275> about<00:20:20.644> what<00:20:20.756> a<00:20:21.141> chunk<00:20:21.381> of<00:20:21.461> text<00:20:21.782> means,<00:20:22.279> uh,<00:20:23.129> are<00:20:23.545> more<00:20:23.786> in<00:20:23.866> line<00:20:24.090> with<00:20:24.251> our<00:20:24.347> own<00:20:24.507> predictions<00:20:25.068> about,<00:20:25.950> or<00:20:26.030> conclusions<00:20:26.687> about,<00:20:26.911> what<00:20:27.056> a<00:20:27.136> chunk<00:20:27.328> of<00:20:27.472> text<00:20:27.793> means.

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And<00:20:28.659> so<00:20:29.717> I<00:20:29.797> think<00:20:30.021> we're<00:20:30.085> in<00:20:30.117> a<00:20:30.262> bad<00:20:30.502> place<00:20:30.758> because<00:20:30.919> we're<00:20:30.999> getting<00:20:31.239> freaked<00:20:31.624> out<00:20:31.736> about<00:20:32.041> it<00:20:32.668> but<00:20:32.781> it's<00:20:32.990> a<00:20:33.087> very,<00:20:33.716> um,<00:20:35.346> I<00:20:35.378> don't<00:20:35.653> know,<00:20:35.911> it's<00:20:36.169> a,<00:20:36.314> it's,<00:20:36.556> it's<00:20:36.718> not<00:20:36.895> a,<00:20:37.121> it's<00:20:37.299> not<00:20:37.379> a<00:20:37.508> very<00:20:37.750> rational<00:20:38.267> feeling,<00:20:38.573> um,<00:20:39.445> I<00:20:39.719> don't<00:20:40.026> think.

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So<00:20:41.316> good,<00:20:41.558> we're<00:20:41.687> in<00:20:41.736> a<00:20:41.800> good<00:20:41.930> place<00:20:42.365> in<00:20:42.429> many<00:20:42.606> ways,<00:20:43.412> but,<00:20:43.735> but<00:20:43.896> not<00:20:44.057> in<00:20:44.154> so<00:20:44.299> many<00:20:44.460> other<00:20:44.605> ways.

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So<00:20:45.201> that's<00:20:45.411> my,<00:20:45.749> my<00:20:45.911> commentary<00:20:46.394> on<00:20:46.491> sort<00:20:46.652> of<00:20:46.942> AI<00:20:47.184> as<00:20:47.281> a<00:20:47.506> product<00:20:48.006> and<00:20:48.070> the<00:20:48.167> technology.

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There's<00:20:49.350> a<00:20:49.366> lot<00:20:49.543> more<00:20:49.704> about,<00:20:50.251> you<00:20:50.284> know,<00:20:50.412> where<00:20:50.573> we're<00:20:50.734> at<00:20:50.911> as<00:20:50.991> an<00:20:51.088> industry<00:20:51.619> in<00:20:51.715> terms<00:20:51.973> of<00:20:52.053> economically<00:20:52.842> and,<00:20:53.549> um,<00:20:54.434> uh,<00:20:55.480> from<00:20:55.721> regulatory<00:20:56.236> sense<00:20:56.365> and<00:20:56.622> whatever<00:20:56.864> else,<00:20:57.169> but<00:20:57.362> I<00:20:57.427> guess<00:20:57.588> there<00:20:57.716> are<00:20:57.749> other<00:20:57.926> discussions.

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You<00:20:59.159> know,<00:20:59.303> I<00:20:59.319> mean,<00:20:59.544> what<00:20:59.704> is<00:21:00.025> the<00:21:00.170> fear?

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Because,<00:21:01.710> because,<00:21:02.175> I<00:21:02.239> mean,<00:21:02.448> you<00:21:02.657> have<00:21:02.817> like<00:21:03.058> Elon<00:21:03.459> and<00:21:03.539> other<00:21:03.699> folks<00:21:03.956> who<00:21:04.004> are<00:21:04.100> like,<00:21:04.261> hey,<00:21:04.357> this<00:21:04.614> is<00:21:05.159> more<00:21:05.320> dangerous<00:21:05.705> than<00:21:05.801> nuclear<00:21:06.138> weapons<00:21:06.539> if<00:21:06.684> not<00:21:06.908> treated<00:21:07.149> the<00:21:07.181> right<00:21:07.325> way.

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And<00:21:08.192> I'm<00:21:08.288> sure<00:21:08.448> he's<00:21:08.673> right.

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I<00:21:09.106> mean,<00:21:09.315> I<00:21:09.411> don't,<00:21:09.636> I<00:21:09.668> don't<00:21:09.812> know,<00:21:09.973> but,<00:21:10.213> but<00:21:10.358> it's<00:21:10.518> never<00:21:10.711> like<00:21:10.935> fully<00:21:12.540> articulated,<00:21:13.262> like,<00:21:13.727> how,<00:21:14.689> why<00:21:14.866> is<00:21:15.026> that<00:21:15.251> true?

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What<00:21:16.775> is,<00:21:17.176> what<00:21:17.353> is<00:21:17.658> the<00:21:17.754> fear?

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Okay,<00:21:20.241> so<00:21:20.481> I'm<00:21:20.626> not<00:21:20.722> going<00:21:20.914> to<00:21:21.043> guess<00:21:21.380> as<00:21:21.524> to<00:21:21.620> what<00:21:21.765> other<00:21:21.925> people's<00:21:22.390> fears<00:21:22.952> are,<00:21:23.754> um,<00:21:24.496> because<00:21:24.984> I'll<00:21:25.147> be<00:21:25.293> wrong.

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I'm<00:21:26.318> not<00:21:26.448> them.

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Um,<00:21:28.076> I<00:21:28.093> can<00:21:28.194> tell<00:21:28.379> you<00:21:28.446> what<00:21:28.614> my<00:21:28.782> fears<00:21:29.203> are.

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Um,<00:21:31.976> uh,<00:21:32.041> my<00:21:32.186> fears<00:21:32.832> are<00:21:33.978> AI<00:21:34.381> is<00:21:34.623> used<00:21:35.027> as<00:21:35.172> a<00:21:35.349> tool<00:21:36.076> to<00:21:36.463> make—<00:21:38.561> to<00:21:38.658> get<00:21:38.965> intellectual<00:21:39.771> and<00:21:39.884> sort<00:21:40.110> of<00:21:40.240> emotional<00:21:40.821> leverage<00:21:42.049> on<00:21:42.275> propaganda,<00:21:43.487> um,<00:21:44.133> and<00:21:44.311> then<00:21:45.119> in<00:21:45.199> weapon<00:21:45.539> systems.

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I'm<00:21:47.392> fearful<00:21:47.652> of<00:21:47.732> a<00:21:47.813> lot<00:21:47.975> of<00:21:48.056> different<00:21:48.364> things,<00:21:48.623> but<00:21:49.028> around<00:21:49.336> AI,<00:21:49.595> but<00:21:49.918> the<00:21:50.258> two<00:21:50.485> main<00:21:50.728> ones<00:21:52.988> And<00:21:54.380> what<00:21:55.416> I<00:21:55.513> mean<00:21:55.756> by<00:21:55.917> that<00:21:56.468> with<00:21:56.565> respect<00:21:56.904> to<00:21:57.034> the<00:21:57.115> first<00:21:57.697> is<00:21:57.924> quite<00:21:58.345> linked<00:21:58.733> to<00:21:59.299> a<00:21:59.380> lot<00:21:59.623> of<00:21:59.704> these<00:22:00.028> language<00:22:00.432> models,<00:22:01.565> as<00:22:01.662> in<00:22:01.806> it's<00:22:02.063> quite<00:22:02.369> obvious<00:22:03.027> that<00:22:03.349> AI<00:22:03.654> can<00:22:03.831> be<00:22:03.975> used<00:22:04.473> to<00:22:04.554> generate<00:22:05.020> text<00:22:05.357> that<00:22:05.518> makes<00:22:05.727> a<00:22:05.823> lot<00:22:06.000> of<00:22:06.032> sense<00:22:06.401> to<00:22:06.562> us,<00:22:07.205> can<00:22:07.349> be<00:22:07.510> used<00:22:07.912> to<00:22:09.920> generate<00:22:10.402> an<00:22:10.643> agent<00:22:11.061> that<00:22:11.190> can<00:22:11.303> talk<00:22:11.693> to<00:22:11.790> a<00:22:11.871> human<00:22:12.277> in<00:22:12.375> a<00:22:12.440> way<00:22:12.667> where<00:22:12.829> it<00:22:12.943> thinks<00:22:13.268> it's<00:22:13.430> another<00:22:13.738> human,<00:22:14.323> so<00:22:14.566> it<00:22:14.729> feels<00:22:15.118> some<00:22:15.362> connection<00:22:15.849> to<00:22:16.011> it.

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It's<00:22:16.401> sort<00:22:16.580> of<00:22:17.023> emotionally<00:22:17.537> manipulated<00:22:18.307> by<00:22:18.404> it<00:22:19.335> and<00:22:19.673> can<00:22:19.833> be<00:22:19.978> used<00:22:20.219> to<00:22:20.315> target<00:22:20.797> people.

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It<00:22:21.343> can<00:22:21.520> be<00:22:21.680> used<00:22:21.905> to<00:22:22.066> understand<00:22:22.548> people<00:22:22.901> a<00:22:22.949> way<00:22:23.190> where<00:22:23.913> you<00:22:24.154> can<00:22:24.315> get<00:22:24.475> a<00:22:24.572> message<00:22:25.053> that's<00:22:25.278> going<00:22:25.391> to<00:22:25.455> get<00:22:25.616> their<00:22:25.760> attention<00:22:26.097> really<00:22:26.499> quickly.

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And<00:22:27.945> where<00:22:28.105> I'm<00:22:28.667> going<00:22:28.973> with<00:22:29.133> all<00:22:29.230> of<00:22:29.390> this<00:22:29.631> is<00:22:30.274> propaganda<00:22:30.820> has<00:22:30.996> been<00:22:31.141> used<00:22:31.318> by<00:22:31.462> governments<00:22:32.056> in<00:22:32.265> all<00:22:32.362> sorts<00:22:33.743> of<00:22:34.032> ways<00:22:34.289> for<00:22:34.401> many,<00:22:34.610> many<00:22:34.915> years<00:22:35.172> to<00:22:35.317> achieve<00:22:35.574> their<00:22:35.718> goals.

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And<00:22:36.843> governments<00:22:37.260> have<00:22:37.485> goals<00:22:37.823> around<00:22:38.128> propaganda,<00:22:38.931> and<00:22:39.043> sometimes<00:22:39.573> they're<00:22:39.670> good.

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They<00:22:40.055> get<00:22:40.296> people<00:22:40.537> to<00:22:40.730> do<00:22:40.890> things<00:22:41.340> that<00:22:42.159> we<00:22:42.240> need<00:22:42.545> to<00:22:42.625> have<00:22:43.027> collective<00:22:43.428> action<00:22:43.621> around.

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Otherwise,<00:22:45.050> there'll<00:22:45.211> be<00:22:45.243> like<00:22:45.291> big<00:22:45.436> negative<00:22:45.789> events<00:22:46.720> that,<00:22:47.137> uh,<00:22:47.282> eventuate.

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Um,<00:22:49.609> but<00:22:49.705> it's<00:22:49.930> also<00:22:50.331> used<00:22:50.732> to<00:22:51.631> do<00:22:51.888> things<00:22:52.835> that<00:22:53.140> are<00:22:53.878> less<00:22:54.119> positive.

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Um,<00:22:56.430> and,<00:22:56.671> you<00:22:56.832> know,<00:22:56.928> using<00:22:57.313> AI<00:22:57.570> to<00:22:57.666> generate<00:22:58.677> and<00:22:58.774> target<00:22:59.335> and<00:22:59.480> distribute<00:22:59.897> propaganda<00:23:01.245> is<00:23:01.342> something<00:23:01.823> that<00:23:02.000> is,<00:23:02.401> is<00:23:02.690> evidently,<00:23:03.653> um,<00:23:04.793> very<00:23:05.178> accessible<00:23:05.852> to<00:23:05.916> governments<00:23:06.783> and<00:23:07.425> is<00:23:07.585> extremely,<00:23:08.324> potentially<00:23:08.934> extremely<00:23:09.688> powerful.

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I<00:23:10.571> mean,<00:23:10.972> I<00:23:11.116> hesitate<00:23:11.694> to<00:23:11.775> even<00:23:11.999> use<00:23:12.112> the<00:23:12.176> word<00:23:12.336> potentially<00:23:12.722> because<00:23:13.043> I<00:23:13.059> know<00:23:13.235> it's<00:23:13.460> being<00:23:13.765> used<00:23:13.925> in<00:23:13.957> a<00:23:13.990> very<00:23:14.250> powerful<00:23:14.575> way<00:23:14.753> today.

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So<00:23:16.118> I'm<00:23:16.362> very,<00:23:16.541> very<00:23:16.720> scared<00:23:17.110> of<00:23:17.256> that.

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Um,<00:23:18.247> and<00:23:18.393> then<00:23:18.962> with<00:23:19.076> weapon<00:23:19.385> systems,<00:23:19.888> again,<00:23:20.132> it's<00:23:20.278> another<00:23:20.603> discussion,<00:23:21.767> but<00:23:21.961> it's<00:23:22.122> just<00:23:22.348> the,<00:23:22.397> the<00:23:22.445> physical<00:23:22.897> manifestation<00:23:23.801> of<00:23:23.882> targeting.

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Um,<00:23:25.334> and<00:23:25.431> so,<00:23:25.964> you<00:23:25.996> know,<00:23:26.222> once<00:23:26.464> we<00:23:26.706> can<00:23:26.949> do—<00:23:27.917> super<00:23:28.240> simple<00:23:28.789> example—<00:23:29.919> very<00:23:30.258> accurate,<00:23:30.710> very<00:23:31.016> large-scale<00:23:32.417> face<00:23:32.594> recognition,<00:23:33.786> you<00:23:33.947> can<00:23:34.044> target<00:23:34.511> weapons<00:23:34.914> on<00:23:34.946> a<00:23:35.075> one-to-one<00:23:35.558> basis<00:23:36.058> very,<00:23:36.283> very<00:23:36.622> easily.

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Oh,<00:23:39.118> interesting.

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I<00:23:40.460> hadn't<00:23:40.660> even<00:23:40.880> thought<00:23:40.960> about<00:23:41.180> that.

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That's<00:23:41.980> super<00:23:42.160> interesting.

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On<00:23:42.661> the<00:23:42.720> propaganda<00:23:43.160> front,<00:23:44.660> how<00:23:44.700> worried<00:23:45.080> are<00:23:45.200> you?

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I<00:23:45.561> mean,<00:23:45.600> the<00:23:45.760> United<00:23:45.940> States<00:23:46.080> has<00:23:46.260> a<00:23:46.440> big<00:23:46.680> presidential<00:23:47.300> election<00:23:47.660> coming<00:23:47.920> up,<00:23:48.780> but<00:23:48.800> you<00:23:48.900> know,<00:23:49.220> every—<00:23:49.700> all<00:23:49.800> countries<00:23:50.120> have<00:23:50.300> elections.

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How<00:23:51.860> is<00:23:52.000> this<00:23:52.240> going<00:23:52.280> to<00:23:52.560> affect<00:23:52.700> it?

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How<00:23:53.340> is<00:23:53.580> this—<00:23:54.160> I<00:23:54.200> mean,<00:23:54.340> what<00:23:54.540> do<00:23:54.640> you<00:23:54.760> see<00:23:55.140> happening?

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I<00:23:57.100> mean,<00:23:57.560> I<00:23:57.561> don't<00:23:57.600> even<00:23:57.900> think—<00:23:58.640> like,<00:23:59.220> how's<00:23:59.500> it<00:23:59.660> going<00:23:59.780> to<00:23:59.800> affect<00:24:00.100> it?

00:24:00.520 --> 00:24:02.650
I<00:24:00.660> think<00:24:00.780> the<00:24:00.920> question<00:24:01.200> is,<00:24:01.420> how's<00:24:01.480> it<00:24:01.640> not<00:24:01.760> going<00:24:01.900> to<00:24:01.960> affect<00:24:02.300> it?

00:24:03.460 --> 00:24:06.680
You<00:24:04.260> know,<00:24:04.500> there<00:24:04.960> are<00:24:05.100> so<00:24:05.420> many<00:24:05.560> news<00:24:06.000> channels<00:24:06.260> now.

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There<00:24:06.820> are<00:24:07.040> so<00:24:07.380> many<00:24:07.580> little<00:24:08.040> sub-communities.

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There's<00:24:09.260> so<00:24:09.480> many<00:24:09.560> ways<00:24:09.580> to<00:24:09.600> get<00:24:09.620> to<00:24:09.640> them.

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A<00:24:11.355> lot<00:24:11.677> of<00:24:11.838> these<00:24:12.063> channels<00:24:12.546> are<00:24:12.707> open.

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And<00:24:13.931> look,<00:24:14.253> I<00:24:14.333> do<00:24:14.478> not<00:24:14.993> doubt<00:24:15.380> for<00:24:15.525> a<00:24:15.557> second<00:24:16.104> the<00:24:16.249> power<00:24:16.893> of,<00:24:18.101> um,<00:24:19.083> the<00:24:19.163> various<00:24:19.646> agencies<00:24:20.129> in<00:24:20.290> the<00:24:20.500> US<00:24:20.774> to<00:24:21.098> control<00:24:22.553> a<00:24:22.634> lot.

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Um,<00:24:23.846> incredibly<00:24:24.574> competent,<00:24:24.897> incredibly<00:24:25.447> good,<00:24:25.624> and<00:24:25.770> whatever<00:24:26.093> else.

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And<00:24:26.352> I<00:24:26.433> won't<00:24:26.772> speak<00:24:27.079> too<00:24:27.241> much<00:24:27.419> about<00:24:28.049> that,<00:24:28.773> but,<00:24:29.080> um,<00:24:29.563> you<00:24:29.596> know,<00:24:29.757> at<00:24:29.886> the<00:24:29.983> end<00:24:30.128> of<00:24:30.160> the<00:24:30.289> day,<00:24:30.547> people<00:24:30.789> get<00:24:30.935> their<00:24:31.047> information<00:24:31.596> from<00:24:31.789> lots<00:24:31.935> of<00:24:31.999> sources.

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And<00:24:32.741> so<00:24:32.870> yeah,<00:24:33.532> it's,<00:24:33.935> it's<00:24:34.177> hard.

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Um,<00:24:35.403> it's<00:24:35.532> really<00:24:35.709> hard.

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To<00:24:37.127> control<00:24:37.771> every<00:24:38.029> source<00:24:38.496> of<00:24:38.641> information<00:24:39.124> that<00:24:39.172> someone<00:24:39.462> gets.

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So,<00:24:40.815> uh,<00:24:41.073> there<00:24:41.170> are<00:24:41.234> going<00:24:41.331> to<00:24:41.395> be<00:24:41.459> a<00:24:41.540> lot<00:24:41.733> of<00:24:41.798> people<00:24:41.959> getting<00:24:42.200> a<00:24:42.217> lot<00:24:42.426> of<00:24:42.458> information<00:24:42.990> about<00:24:43.151> a<00:24:43.167> lot<00:24:43.247> of<00:24:43.344> things.

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What<00:24:45.176> do<00:24:45.208> you<00:24:45.304> think<00:24:45.481> the<00:24:45.626> future<00:24:45.931> of<00:24:46.011> media<00:24:46.510> is<00:24:47.008> now<00:24:47.313> that<00:24:47.859> AI<00:24:48.261> is<00:24:48.357> in<00:24:48.518> the<00:24:48.582> mix?

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I<00:24:50.270> mean,<00:24:50.366> we're<00:24:50.446> seeing<00:24:50.688> like<00:24:50.848> BuzzFeed,<00:24:52.118> everybody's<00:24:52.600> just<00:24:52.776> going,<00:24:53.821> you<00:24:53.950> know,<00:24:54.371> layoffs<00:24:55.278> and<00:24:55.505> losing,<00:24:56.072> you<00:24:56.104> know,<00:24:56.396> market<00:24:56.736> cap,<00:24:57.044> all<00:24:57.125> these<00:24:57.222> types<00:24:57.465> of<00:24:57.546> things.

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Uh,<00:24:59.312> what<00:24:59.474> happens<00:24:59.960> here?

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I<00:25:00.300> mean,<00:25:00.462> this<00:25:00.608> has<00:25:00.705> been<00:25:00.867> a<00:25:00.932> discussion<00:25:01.418> for<00:25:01.515> a<00:25:01.580> long<00:25:01.758> time,<00:25:02.017> even<00:25:02.325> pre,<00:25:02.730> like,<00:25:03.038> AI<00:25:03.378> being<00:25:03.540> at<00:25:03.605> the<00:25:03.670> forefront<00:25:03.946> of<00:25:04.092> all<00:25:04.173> of<00:25:04.254> our<00:25:04.368> minds<00:25:05.391> with<00:25:05.472> the<00:25:05.505> internet,<00:25:05.716> Facebook,<00:25:05.830> and<00:25:05.895> social<00:25:06.008> media<00:25:06.138> kind<00:25:06.220> of<00:25:06.252> taking<00:25:08.302> a<00:25:08.383> lot<00:25:08.611> of<00:25:08.644> their<00:25:08.774> revenue<00:25:09.197> away.

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But<00:25:10.075> what<00:25:10.205> do<00:25:10.254> they<00:25:10.417> do<00:25:10.579> now?

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I<00:25:11.295> don't<00:25:11.442> even<00:25:11.637> know.

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Yeah,<00:25:14.107> this<00:25:14.446> is<00:25:14.608> such<00:25:14.931> an<00:25:15.012> interesting<00:25:15.480> question.

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Um,<00:25:16.547> I'll<00:25:17.338> start<00:25:17.597> the<00:25:17.823> answer<00:25:18.065> by<00:25:18.162> saying,<00:25:18.647> what<00:25:18.793> do<00:25:18.954> I<00:25:19.051> know?

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I'm<00:25:19.487> not<00:25:19.697> in<00:25:19.762> the<00:25:20.004> media<00:25:20.344> industry,<00:25:21.055> and<00:25:21.652> I'm<00:25:21.798> frankly<00:25:22.266> like<00:25:22.829> very<00:25:23.166> detached<00:25:23.713> from<00:25:23.841> the<00:25:23.970> media<00:25:24.291> industry.

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I<00:25:25.014> don't,<00:25:25.818> I<00:25:25.834> don't<00:25:26.204> consume<00:25:27.168> much<00:25:27.426> media<00:25:27.972> at<00:25:28.149> all,<00:25:28.470> especially<00:25:29.113> modern<00:25:29.435> stuff.

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I,<00:25:30.785> I<00:25:30.930> consume<00:25:31.673> old<00:25:31.947> stuff<00:25:33.046> offline,<00:25:33.790> um,<00:25:34.598> and<00:25:35.066> a<00:25:35.147> lot<00:25:35.389> of<00:25:35.470> that.

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Um,<00:25:37.364> so<00:25:37.846> I<00:25:37.862> will<00:25:38.023> start<00:25:38.263> by<00:25:38.360> saying<00:25:38.681> I'm<00:25:38.825> pretty<00:25:39.066> out<00:25:39.226> of<00:25:39.371> touch<00:25:39.708> in<00:25:39.884> some<00:25:40.494> ways.

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In<00:25:41.618> other<00:25:41.714> ways,<00:25:41.939> I'm<00:25:42.099> pretty<00:25:42.356> in<00:25:42.517> touch<00:25:43.239> because<00:25:44.362> I<00:25:44.523> work<00:25:44.828> with<00:25:44.924> a<00:25:44.988> lot<00:25:45.149> of<00:25:45.245> the<00:25:45.325> tools<00:25:45.727> that<00:25:45.887> are<00:25:46.032> used<00:25:46.288> in<00:25:46.449> media.

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So<00:25:48.519> a<00:25:48.551> bunch<00:25:48.776> of<00:25:48.856> random<00:25:49.242> points.

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I<00:25:49.659> mean,<00:25:50.542> I<00:25:50.606> think<00:25:50.927> overall<00:25:52.628> what<00:25:52.789> I'm<00:25:53.029> very<00:25:53.415> curious<00:25:53.976> to<00:25:54.073> see,<00:25:54.859> and<00:25:55.100> I'd<00:25:55.260> love<00:25:55.437> to<00:25:55.533> take<00:25:55.662> a<00:25:55.838> positive<00:25:56.239> view<00:25:56.464> on<00:25:56.625> this,<00:25:56.801> but<00:25:56.962> I<00:25:57.122> can<00:25:57.299> see<00:25:58.165> myself<00:25:58.486> taking<00:25:58.791> a<00:25:58.807> very<00:25:59.032> negative<00:25:59.289> view<00:25:59.514> on<00:25:59.610> this,<00:25:59.931> is<00:26:00.733> with<00:26:00.958> a<00:26:01.054> lot<00:26:01.295> of<00:26:01.456> computer,<00:26:03.446> by<00:26:03.542> that<00:26:03.702> I<00:26:03.718> mean<00:26:04.087> AI-generated<00:26:04.808> content.

00:26:05.786 --> 00:26:15.966
Do<00:26:05.866> humans<00:26:06.428> eventually<00:26:07.069> just<00:26:07.389> get<00:26:07.790> really<00:26:08.031> sick<00:26:08.431> of<00:26:08.896> really<00:26:09.153> boring<00:26:09.634> AI-generated<00:26:10.355> stuff,<00:26:11.622> or<00:26:11.718> do<00:26:11.798> they<00:26:12.022> get<00:26:12.135> sucked<00:26:12.503> in<00:26:12.680> by<00:26:12.760> that<00:26:13.385> and<00:26:14.219> sort<00:26:14.523> of<00:26:14.924> go<00:26:15.100> down<00:26:15.405> to<00:26:15.485> that<00:26:15.710> level?

00:26:16.110 --> 00:26:28.871
As<00:26:16.223> in,<00:26:16.527> do<00:26:16.607> we<00:26:16.752> go<00:26:17.313> up<00:26:17.425> to<00:26:17.633> the<00:26:17.730> level<00:26:18.531> of<00:26:18.756> only<00:26:19.012> consuming<00:26:20.359> highly<00:26:20.936> creative,<00:26:21.962> very<00:26:23.020> human-centric,<00:26:24.527> um,<00:26:24.928> very<00:26:25.344> emotionally<00:26:25.889> engaging<00:26:26.627> content<00:26:27.172> that<00:26:27.348> only<00:26:27.589> another<00:26:27.909> human<00:26:28.294> could<00:26:28.374> generate?

00:26:29.336 --> 00:26:41.468
Or<00:26:29.417> human,<00:26:30.075> with<00:26:30.701> the<00:26:30.781> help<00:26:30.957> of<00:26:31.054> some<00:26:31.439> tools,<00:26:32.385> AI-based<00:26:32.739> tools,<00:26:33.589> or<00:26:33.621> do<00:26:33.701> we<00:26:33.830> go<00:26:34.070> down<00:26:34.440> to<00:26:34.568> the<00:26:34.728> level<00:26:35.675> of<00:26:35.836> only<00:26:36.173> consuming<00:26:36.879> content<00:26:37.440> that<00:26:37.601> is<00:26:38.564> mass-produced,<00:26:39.783> mass-generated<00:26:40.746> by<00:26:41.067> AI?

00:26:41.709 --> 00:26:53.391
And<00:26:41.886> I'm<00:26:42.014> not<00:26:42.174> saying<00:26:42.495> it's<00:26:42.752> good<00:26:43.153> or<00:26:43.394> bad,<00:26:44.373> I'm<00:26:44.501> just<00:26:44.662> saying<00:26:45.079> it's,<00:26:45.384> um,<00:26:46.989> not<00:26:47.181> necessarily<00:26:48.032> creative<00:26:49.011> in<00:26:49.155> the<00:26:49.251> way<00:26:49.412> that<00:26:49.572> humans<00:26:50.005> can<00:26:50.214> be<00:26:50.439> creative,<00:26:50.856> because<00:26:51.658> it's<00:26:52.043> not<00:26:52.284> that<00:26:52.461> creative<00:26:52.846> in<00:26:52.942> many<00:26:53.167> ways.

00:26:54.210 --> 00:27:00.856
And<00:26:54.290> I<00:26:54.627> mean<00:26:54.852> this<00:26:55.028> in<00:26:55.109> terms<00:26:55.349> of<00:26:55.429> visual<00:26:56.152> sonic<00:26:57.982> or<00:26:58.078> auditory,<00:26:58.544> I<00:26:58.560> should<00:26:58.785> say,<00:26:59.363> and<00:27:00.085> verbal<00:27:00.422> content.

00:27:01.835 --> 00:27:04.115
I'm<00:27:02.092> not<00:27:02.269> really<00:27:02.494> sure<00:27:02.895> where<00:27:03.056> we're<00:27:03.152> going<00:27:03.296> to<00:27:03.457> end<00:27:03.682> up<00:27:03.842> there.

00:27:04.485 --> 00:27:11.228
I<00:27:05.946> can<00:27:06.106> be<00:27:06.187> skeptical<00:27:07.246> or<00:27:08.113> I<00:27:08.177> can<00:27:08.338> be<00:27:08.434> generous<00:27:09.398> in<00:27:09.478> my<00:27:09.639> predictions,<00:27:10.200> but<00:27:10.441> it<00:27:10.522> doesn't<00:27:10.843> really<00:27:11.003> matter.

00:27:11.276 --> 00:27:12.850
The<00:27:11.389> point<00:27:11.662> is<00:27:11.758> that<00:27:11.886> we<00:27:11.983> could<00:27:12.191> go<00:27:12.368> either<00:27:12.609> way.

00:27:14.038 --> 00:27:26.572
I<00:27:14.054> think<00:27:14.375> more<00:27:14.600> pragmatically,<00:27:16.061> what<00:27:16.221> is<00:27:16.382> very<00:27:16.767> exciting<00:27:17.570> is<00:27:17.747> that<00:27:18.453> a<00:27:18.550> lot<00:27:18.871> of<00:27:18.935> the<00:27:19.417> very<00:27:19.995> tedious<00:27:20.476> stuff<00:27:20.958> that<00:27:21.102> you<00:27:21.263> have<00:27:21.456> to<00:27:21.600> do,<00:27:21.985> for<00:27:22.050> example,<00:27:22.564> editing<00:27:22.901> sound<00:27:23.350> files,<00:27:23.848> editing<00:27:24.249> movies,<00:27:25.379> even<00:27:25.556> editing<00:27:26.024> articles.

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There's<00:27:27.281> some<00:27:27.410> extremely<00:27:28.602> tedious<00:27:29.021> stuff.

00:27:29.505 --> 00:27:45.370
And<00:27:29.586> I've<00:27:30.150> been<00:27:31.358> a<00:27:31.423> sound<00:27:31.842> engineer<00:27:32.325> at<00:27:32.390> various<00:27:32.648> points<00:27:32.906> in<00:27:33.051> my<00:27:33.180> life,<00:27:33.533> and<00:27:34.095> I've<00:27:34.240> also,<00:27:35.140> in<00:27:35.284> an<00:27:35.445> amateur,<00:27:36.024> sort<00:27:36.265> of<00:27:36.409> amateur<00:27:36.747> semi-professional<00:27:38.112> sense,<00:27:39.061> um,<00:27:39.559> and<00:27:39.623> then<00:27:39.784> I've<00:27:39.880> also,<00:27:40.507> you<00:27:40.603> know,<00:27:40.828> edited<00:27:41.165> movies,<00:27:41.744> and<00:27:41.889> I've<00:27:42.033> also<00:27:42.210> edited<00:27:42.612> photographs,<00:27:43.423> and<00:27:43.504> like,<00:27:43.764> spin<00:27:44.153> into<00:27:44.462> these<00:27:44.705> things<00:27:45.046> in<00:27:45.127> life.

00:27:45.857 --> 00:27:47.885
And<00:27:45.938> there's<00:27:46.100> some<00:27:46.344> really<00:27:46.668> boring<00:27:46.993> stuff<00:27:47.382> you<00:27:47.463> have<00:27:47.593> to<00:27:47.723> do.

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Yeah.

00:27:49.426 --> 00:27:52.451
And<00:27:49.655> I'm<00:27:50.489> really<00:27:50.898> excited<00:27:51.307> for<00:27:51.536> AI<00:27:51.715> to<00:27:51.879> do<00:27:51.944> a<00:27:51.961> lot<00:27:52.206> of<00:27:52.288> that.

00:27:52.615 --> 00:27:56.500
It's<00:27:52.745> a<00:27:52.762> company<00:27:53.269> that<00:27:53.510> I<00:27:53.810> invested<00:27:54.070> in<00:27:54.270> a<00:27:54.271> very<00:27:54.430> long<00:27:54.730> time<00:27:54.950> ago,<00:27:55.810> um,<00:27:55.970> as<00:27:56.010> an<00:27:56.150> angel.

00:27:56.750 --> 00:27:59.710
Canva—<00:27:57.590> like,<00:27:57.690> right<00:27:57.790> now<00:27:58.130> you<00:27:58.330> can<00:27:58.510> just<00:27:58.690> take<00:27:59.030> a<00:27:59.390> photo.

00:27:59.710 --> 00:28:03.340
They've<00:27:59.750> got<00:27:59.850> this<00:28:00.090> magic<00:28:00.670> feature<00:28:01.090> where<00:28:02.050> you<00:28:02.210> take<00:28:02.350> a<00:28:02.570> photo<00:28:02.690> of<00:28:02.790> yourself.

00:28:03.350 --> 00:28:11.090
Like,<00:28:03.430> I<00:28:03.530> take<00:28:03.710> a<00:28:03.890> photo<00:28:03.910> of<00:28:03.990> myself<00:28:04.230> like<00:28:04.450> this<00:28:04.870> and<00:28:05.250> just<00:28:05.430> say<00:28:05.650> I<00:28:05.850> want<00:28:06.150> it<00:28:06.690> to<00:28:06.790> be<00:28:06.970> me<00:28:07.090> wearing<00:28:07.330> a<00:28:07.510> suit,<00:28:08.130> um,<00:28:08.790> because<00:28:08.870> I'm<00:28:09.330> using<00:28:09.889> it<00:28:10.110> for<00:28:10.170> LinkedIn<00:28:10.450> or<00:28:10.650> whatever.

00:28:11.090 --> 00:28:11.530
Yeah.

00:28:11.530 --> 00:28:13.050
And<00:28:11.670> you<00:28:11.790> just<00:28:11.950> click<00:28:12.070> a<00:28:12.250> button,<00:28:12.390> it's<00:28:12.650> done.

00:28:13.330 --> 00:28:17.060
And,<00:28:14.250> you<00:28:14.251> know,<00:28:14.490> you<00:28:14.550> can<00:28:14.730> do<00:28:14.870> that<00:28:15.070> in<00:28:15.250> Photoshop<00:28:15.530> if<00:28:15.970> you've<00:28:16.230> got<00:28:16.310> a<00:28:16.490> spare<00:28:16.610> day.

00:28:17.330 --> 00:28:19.190
Yeah,<00:28:17.990> it<00:28:17.991> takes<00:28:18.130> forever<00:28:18.530> in<00:28:18.690> Photoshop.

00:28:20.800 --> 00:28:22.110
Yeah,<00:28:21.150> yeah,<00:28:21.290> it<00:28:21.410> takes<00:28:21.530> way<00:28:21.790> too<00:28:21.970> long.

00:28:22.110 --> 00:28:24.370
Some<00:28:22.111> people<00:28:22.130> find<00:28:22.410> it<00:28:22.670> therapeutic,<00:28:23.050> but<00:28:23.250> I<00:28:23.470> find<00:28:23.530> that<00:28:23.730> quite<00:28:23.870> boring.

00:28:25.030 --> 00:28:35.070
So,<00:28:25.070> um,<00:28:25.650> yeah,<00:28:26.100> I<00:28:26.550> think<00:28:26.551> I'm<00:28:26.730> really<00:28:26.910> excited<00:28:27.350> in<00:28:27.769> a<00:28:27.890> very<00:28:28.030> pragmatic,<00:28:28.550> uh,<00:28:29.110> practical<00:28:29.390> way<00:28:30.070> for<00:28:30.410> how<00:28:30.750> we<00:28:30.970> can<00:28:31.210> get<00:28:31.610> rid<00:28:31.750> of<00:28:31.850> all<00:28:32.050> that<00:28:32.270> so<00:28:32.430> we<00:28:32.530> can<00:28:32.910> just<00:28:32.990> do<00:28:33.050> more<00:28:33.250> fun,<00:28:33.590> exciting<00:28:33.890> stuff.

00:28:35.070 --> 00:28:42.580
What<00:28:35.390> do<00:28:35.650> you,<00:28:35.651> what<00:28:35.789> do<00:28:35.910> you<00:28:35.969> look<00:28:36.190> for<00:28:36.430> when<00:28:36.650> you<00:28:37.070> look<00:28:37.410> to<00:28:37.670> invest<00:28:37.950> in<00:28:38.250> an<00:28:38.690> AI-first<00:28:39.350> company,<00:28:39.870> and<00:28:40.170> how<00:28:40.310> do<00:28:40.430> you<00:28:40.590> know<00:28:41.050> if<00:28:41.350> that's<00:28:41.830> real?

00:28:43.050 --> 00:28:46.890
Or<00:28:43.290> now,<00:28:43.610> like,<00:28:43.910> literally<00:28:44.290> every<00:28:44.690> tech<00:28:44.970> company<00:28:45.250> is<00:28:45.450> an<00:28:45.570> AI-first<00:28:46.370> company.

00:28:46.890 --> 00:28:48.870
Yeah,<00:28:47.110> you<00:28:47.270> know,<00:28:47.450> or<00:28:47.790> that's<00:28:48.050> how<00:28:48.290> they're<00:28:48.450> pitching<00:28:48.710> it.

00:28:48.870 --> 00:28:52.989
Like,<00:28:49.010> how<00:28:49.110> do<00:28:49.230> you<00:28:49.410> know<00:28:50.616> when<00:28:50.729> it's<00:28:50.953> real<00:28:51.434> and<00:28:51.578> when<00:28:51.738> it's<00:28:51.915> not,<00:28:52.235> and<00:28:52.316> what<00:28:52.412> do<00:28:52.476> you<00:28:52.636> look<00:28:52.877> for?

00:28:53.902 --> 00:29:06.951
Yeah,<00:28:54.640> I<00:28:54.704> guess<00:28:54.864> broadly,<00:28:55.441> I<00:28:55.521> mean,<00:28:55.682> this<00:28:55.858> is<00:28:55.986> my<00:28:56.163> whole<00:28:56.323> job,<00:28:56.579> so,<00:28:57.189> um,<00:28:57.365> yeah,<00:28:57.541> I've<00:28:57.621> spent<00:28:58.567> 15<00:28:58.952> to<00:28:59.048> 20<00:28:59.369> years,<00:29:00.394> uh,<00:29:00.635> answering<00:29:01.116> that<00:29:01.212> question<00:29:01.613> and<00:29:01.693> building<00:29:02.029> systems<00:29:02.574> and<00:29:02.719> checklists<00:29:03.216> and<00:29:03.841> processes<00:29:04.418> and<00:29:04.498> whatever<00:29:04.819> else<00:29:05.075> to,<00:29:05.476> to<00:29:06.021> come<00:29:06.245> to<00:29:06.277> that<00:29:06.422> conclusion.

00:29:07.768 --> 00:29:13.250
Uh,<00:29:08.185> very<00:29:08.666> broadly,<00:29:09.403> it's,<00:29:10.124> is<00:29:10.269> it<00:29:10.349> special<00:29:11.134> and<00:29:12.192> will<00:29:12.353> it<00:29:12.433> capture<00:29:12.898> value?

00:29:13.699 --> 00:29:14.869
Um,<00:29:14.100> is<00:29:14.212> it<00:29:14.276> special?

00:29:14.997 --> 00:29:19.293
You<00:29:15.078> know,<00:29:15.142> that's<00:29:15.318> a<00:29:15.398> lot<00:29:15.558> of<00:29:15.639> technical<00:29:16.119> analysis,<00:29:16.761> which<00:29:16.921> is<00:29:17.482> you<00:29:17.562> know,<00:29:17.642> have<00:29:17.867> they<00:29:18.187> actually<00:29:18.524> invented<00:29:18.861> something?

00:29:19.486 --> 00:29:20.688
Is<00:29:19.566> it<00:29:19.790> actually<00:29:20.207> different?

00:29:21.393 --> 00:29:25.465
Um,<00:29:22.515> is<00:29:22.676> it,<00:29:23.157> uh,<00:29:23.910> something<00:29:24.295> that's<00:29:24.455> very<00:29:24.760> defensible?

00:29:25.738 --> 00:29:29.392
You<00:29:25.818> know,<00:29:25.978> can<00:29:26.138> you<00:29:26.299> patent<00:29:26.699> it,<00:29:26.940> or<00:29:27.100> is<00:29:27.260> it<00:29:27.421> just<00:29:28.302> impossible<00:29:28.735> to<00:29:29.008> copy?

00:29:30.050 --> 00:29:34.442
Do<00:29:30.146> they<00:29:30.290> have<00:29:30.386> a<00:29:30.531> dataset<00:29:31.669> that<00:29:31.829> no<00:29:31.909> one<00:29:31.989> else<00:29:32.294> has<00:29:32.871> that's<00:29:33.192> being<00:29:33.416> used<00:29:33.592> to<00:29:33.753> train<00:29:34.153> it?

00:29:34.795 --> 00:29:40.934
They<00:29:34.939> have<00:29:35.035> a<00:29:35.115> piece<00:29:35.340> of<00:29:35.516> infrastructure<00:29:36.157> that,<00:29:37.359> you<00:29:37.456> know,<00:29:37.840> very<00:29:38.081> few<00:29:38.225> people<00:29:38.482> can<00:29:38.866> access<00:29:39.203> to,<00:29:39.540> super<00:29:39.908> fast,<00:29:40.325> whatever<00:29:40.726> it<00:29:40.870> is.

00:29:41.672 --> 00:29:53.250
Um,<00:29:42.313> there's<00:29:43.034> a<00:29:43.291> whole<00:29:43.515> bunch<00:29:43.771> I<00:29:43.932> write<00:29:44.236> about<00:29:44.573> in<00:29:44.653> my<00:29:44.894> book<00:29:45.214> about<00:29:45.599> how<00:29:45.775> to<00:29:45.855> determine<00:29:46.416> whether<00:29:46.673> something<00:29:47.362> is<00:29:47.763> special<00:29:48.581> in<00:29:48.645> some<00:29:48.805> ways,<00:29:49.110> particularly<00:29:49.310> on<00:29:49.470> the<00:29:49.610> data<00:29:49.830> side,<00:29:50.590> on<00:29:50.950> the<00:29:51.490> sort<00:29:51.670> of<00:29:51.830> core<00:29:52.050> models,<00:29:52.550> the<00:29:52.570> infrastructure<00:29:52.890> side.

00:29:53.250 --> 00:29:59.380
I<00:29:53.290> don't<00:29:53.450> talk<00:29:53.650> about<00:29:53.850> that<00:29:54.050> in<00:29:54.170> the<00:29:54.230> book<00:29:54.310> because<00:29:54.450> it's<00:29:54.570> too<00:29:54.710> technical<00:29:55.230> for<00:29:56.630> the<00:29:56.730> audience,<00:29:57.170> but<00:29:57.330> for<00:29:57.790> that<00:29:57.950> particular<00:29:58.310> audience,<00:29:58.630> I<00:29:58.810> should<00:29:58.930> say.

00:29:59.910 --> 00:30:02.590
So,<00:29:59.990> you<00:30:00.010> know,<00:30:00.270> there's<00:30:00.450> the<00:30:00.590> is<00:30:00.850> it<00:30:00.970> special,<00:30:01.310> and<00:30:01.470> then<00:30:01.570> does<00:30:01.750> it<00:30:01.970> capture<00:30:02.170> value.

00:30:02.590 --> 00:30:09.650
This<00:30:02.810> is<00:30:02.910> something<00:30:03.050> I<00:30:03.170> do<00:30:03.370> talk<00:30:03.570> about<00:30:03.810> a<00:30:03.950> lot<00:30:03.990> in<00:30:04.150> the<00:30:04.250> book<00:30:04.410> because,<00:30:04.830> you<00:30:05.470> know,<00:30:05.610> it<00:30:06.010> involves<00:30:06.370> using<00:30:06.830> frameworks<00:30:07.450> of<00:30:08.250> competitive<00:30:08.830> advantage.

00:30:09.650 --> 00:30:17.040
And,<00:30:10.230> you<00:30:10.270> know,<00:30:10.330> the<00:30:10.470> whole<00:30:10.610> reason<00:30:10.810> I<00:30:10.970> wrote<00:30:11.070> the<00:30:11.190> book<00:30:11.410> is<00:30:11.810> to<00:30:12.530> go<00:30:12.670> back<00:30:12.830> a<00:30:13.110> sec,<00:30:13.810> there<00:30:14.170> are<00:30:14.171> lots<00:30:14.350> of<00:30:14.530> ways<00:30:14.730> to<00:30:14.930> figure<00:30:15.190> out<00:30:15.310> if<00:30:15.390> someone's<00:30:15.690> got<00:30:15.850> a<00:30:15.930> competitive<00:30:16.290> advantage.

00:30:17.070 --> 00:30:19.090
You<00:30:17.090> know,<00:30:17.310> Michael<00:30:17.590> Porter<00:30:17.810> wrote<00:30:18.030> a<00:30:18.170> bunch<00:30:18.330> of<00:30:18.450> books<00:30:18.670> about<00:30:18.890> this.

00:30:19.090 --> 00:30:22.080
A<00:30:19.110> whole<00:30:19.130> bunch<00:30:19.150> of<00:30:19.170> people<00:30:19.190> go<00:30:19.210> to<00:30:19.230> business<00:30:19.250> school<00:30:21.010> study<00:30:21.230> all<00:30:21.430> this<00:30:21.530> stuff.

00:30:23.450 --> 00:30:27.150
And<00:30:23.790> I<00:30:24.050> just<00:30:24.230> didn't<00:30:24.450> think<00:30:24.690> any<00:30:24.910> of<00:30:24.970> those<00:30:25.130> frameworks<00:30:25.470> are<00:30:25.730> very<00:30:25.850> relevant<00:30:26.250> in<00:30:26.450> the<00:30:26.530> world<00:30:26.690> of<00:30:26.830> AI.

00:30:27.150 --> 00:30:35.170
So<00:30:27.290> I<00:30:27.370> wrote<00:30:27.490> a<00:30:27.630> book<00:30:27.790> that<00:30:27.990> tried<00:30:28.250> to<00:30:28.410> develop<00:30:28.710> a<00:30:28.910> new<00:30:29.110> framework<00:30:29.450> for<00:30:29.710> figuring<00:30:29.950> out<00:30:30.110> if<00:30:30.210> someone<00:30:30.410> has<00:30:30.630> a<00:30:30.890> competitive<00:30:31.090> advantage<00:30:31.490> in<00:30:31.810> the<00:30:32.030> world<00:30:32.170> we<00:30:32.310> are<00:30:32.510> in<00:30:32.790> today<00:30:33.350> with<00:30:34.150> the<00:30:34.170> world<00:30:34.190> of<00:30:34.210> AI.

00:30:35.170 --> 00:30:46.370
So<00:30:35.210> that's<00:30:35.530> the<00:30:35.610> second<00:30:35.890> big<00:30:36.130> set<00:30:36.410> of<00:30:36.950> area,<00:30:38.110> the<00:30:38.450> second<00:30:38.690> area<00:30:38.950> with<00:30:39.290> the<00:30:39.510> big<00:30:39.650> set<00:30:39.830> of<00:30:40.010> questions<00:30:40.290> that<00:30:40.490> I<00:30:40.610> ask<00:30:40.810> about<00:30:41.350> is,<00:30:41.610> you<00:30:41.611> know,<00:30:41.910> can<00:30:41.990> it<00:30:42.210> capture<00:30:42.550> value<00:30:43.190> in<00:30:44.190> a<00:30:44.390> way<00:30:44.490> that<00:30:44.810> nothing<00:30:45.230> else<00:30:45.490> can<00:30:45.670> capture<00:30:45.930> value?

00:30:47.517 --> 00:30:50.810
Or<00:30:47.550> no<00:30:47.694> one<00:30:47.855> else<00:30:48.080> with<00:30:48.176> the<00:30:48.256> same<00:30:48.497> technology,<00:30:49.059> I<00:30:49.124> guess,<00:30:49.863> could<00:30:50.104> capture<00:30:50.441> value.

00:30:51.469 --> 00:31:09.009
And<00:30:51.629> going<00:30:51.870> back<00:30:52.095> to<00:30:52.127> your<00:30:52.336> previous<00:30:52.995> question,<00:30:54.360> I<00:30:54.521> really<00:30:55.388> haven't<00:30:55.806> seen<00:30:57.557> many,<00:30:58.055> if<00:30:58.360> any,<00:30:58.697> people<00:31:00.641> articulate<00:31:02.054> where<00:31:02.295> a<00:31:02.311> lot<00:31:02.488> of<00:31:02.552> the<00:31:02.713> value<00:31:03.034> is<00:31:03.195> going<00:31:03.307> to<00:31:03.436> be<00:31:03.580> captured<00:31:04.464> in<00:31:05.845> the<00:31:06.728> fields<00:31:07.275> that<00:31:07.435> are<00:31:07.612> getting<00:31:07.853> a<00:31:07.933> lot<00:31:08.078> of<00:31:08.158> traction<00:31:08.656> right<00:31:08.817> now.

00:31:09.234 --> 00:31:12.559
So<00:31:09.539> fields<00:31:09.845> like<00:31:10.005> generative<00:31:10.503> AI,<00:31:11.130> large<00:31:11.387> language<00:31:11.788> models,<00:31:12.125> and<00:31:12.270> whatnot.

00:31:13.320 --> 00:31:17.011
We<00:31:13.401> know<00:31:13.627> who's<00:31:13.886> building<00:31:14.226> some<00:31:14.437> really<00:31:14.680> good<00:31:14.842> products<00:31:15.408> like<00:31:15.586> OpenAI<00:31:16.639> and<00:31:16.801> others.

00:31:17.610 --> 00:31:23.779
We<00:31:17.772> know<00:31:18.161> who's<00:31:18.906> providing<00:31:19.408> a<00:31:19.456> lot<00:31:19.618> of<00:31:19.699> the<00:31:19.861> infrastructure,<00:31:21.280> NVIDIA<00:31:22.505> and<00:31:22.666> Google<00:31:23.247> and<00:31:23.553> others.

00:31:24.601 --> 00:31:29.613
And<00:31:24.843> we<00:31:24.940> know<00:31:25.343> who<00:31:25.891> is<00:31:26.149> integrating<00:31:26.617> a<00:31:26.697> lot<00:31:26.778> of<00:31:26.875> the<00:31:26.972> technology<00:31:27.584> into<00:31:27.907> their<00:31:28.004> products,<00:31:28.552> Microsoft<00:31:29.019> and<00:31:29.211> whatnot.

00:31:30.497 --> 00:31:44.560
But<00:31:32.586> we<00:31:32.891> also<00:31:33.132> know<00:31:33.389> there<00:31:33.454> are<00:31:33.550> thousands<00:31:33.952> of<00:31:34.032> other<00:31:34.193> startups<00:31:34.755> purporting<00:31:35.302> to<00:31:37.085> have<00:31:37.407> a<00:31:37.567> way<00:31:37.953> to<00:31:39.008> use<00:31:39.184> a<00:31:39.248> lot<00:31:39.361> of<00:31:39.489> this<00:31:39.649> technology<00:31:40.404> to<00:31:40.709> capture<00:31:41.110> value<00:31:41.351> and<00:31:41.495> build<00:31:41.607> a<00:31:41.656> company<00:31:42.009> around<00:31:42.314> it,<00:31:42.859> um,<00:31:43.517> and<00:31:43.598> sustainable<00:31:44.159> company.

00:31:44.641 --> 00:31:50.402
And<00:31:45.347> I'm<00:31:45.684> sure<00:31:45.941> that<00:31:46.101> a<00:31:46.165> lot<00:31:46.230> of<00:31:46.390> people<00:31:46.727> are<00:31:46.807> being<00:31:47.835> very<00:31:48.348> clear<00:31:48.733> about<00:31:49.134> why<00:31:49.295> they<00:31:49.472> think<00:31:49.760> that<00:31:49.857> is<00:31:50.001> the<00:31:50.097> case.

00:31:50.579 --> 00:31:56.036
And,<00:31:50.755> uh,<00:31:51.442> you<00:31:51.462> know,<00:31:51.686> hopefully<00:31:53.050> some<00:31:53.307> people<00:31:53.708> will<00:31:53.773> read<00:31:53.885> the<00:31:54.013> book<00:31:54.254> and<00:31:54.350> get—<00:31:54.832> figure<00:31:55.153> out<00:31:55.378> how<00:31:55.474> to<00:31:55.634> do<00:31:55.779> that.

00:31:56.341 --> 00:31:59.037
Hopefully<00:31:57.079> I<00:31:57.159> can<00:31:57.303> help<00:31:57.496> a<00:31:57.544> lot<00:31:57.624> of<00:31:57.721> people<00:31:58.202> figure<00:31:58.427> out<00:31:58.507> how<00:31:58.603> to<00:31:58.764> do<00:31:58.908> that.

00:31:59.406 --> 00:32:10.117
And<00:31:59.486> hopefully<00:31:59.871> other<00:32:00.048> people<00:32:00.273> will<00:32:00.433> come<00:32:00.594> up<00:32:00.770> with<00:32:00.931> new<00:32:01.027> ways<00:32:01.332> to<00:32:01.476> figure<00:32:01.797> out<00:32:01.877> how<00:32:02.054> to,<00:32:02.295> how<00:32:02.375> to<00:32:02.535> do<00:32:02.696> that,<00:32:02.953> to<00:32:03.081> capture<00:32:03.402> that<00:32:03.579> value<00:32:03.900> from<00:32:04.140> what<00:32:04.301> is<00:32:04.720> is,<00:32:05.010> you<00:32:05.043> know,<00:32:05.107> fundamentally<00:32:05.754> a<00:32:05.915> pretty<00:32:06.384> open—<00:32:06.740> not<00:32:06.966> totally<00:32:07.354> open,<00:32:07.677> but<00:32:07.790> a<00:32:07.919> pretty<00:32:08.259> openly<00:32:08.663> available<00:32:09.083> technology<00:32:09.697> at<00:32:09.778> this<00:32:09.955> point.

00:32:11.730 --> 00:32:20.746
Yeah,<00:32:11.923> it<00:32:11.987> is<00:32:12.084> interesting,<00:32:12.470> like,<00:32:12.631> the<00:32:12.712> future<00:32:13.050> of<00:32:13.195> large<00:32:13.452> language<00:32:13.774> models<00:32:14.499> and,<00:32:15.046> um,<00:32:15.288> how<00:32:15.384> much<00:32:15.626> further<00:32:15.883> that<00:32:16.028> can<00:32:16.189> be<00:32:16.350> taken<00:32:17.477> versus,<00:32:17.864> like—<00:32:18.186> but,<00:32:18.347> but<00:32:18.443> something<00:32:18.846> like,<00:32:19.313> uh,<00:32:19.570> Midjourney<00:32:20.279> is<00:32:20.375> interesting.

00:32:20.874 --> 00:32:25.541
I'm<00:32:20.923> sure,<00:32:21.116> I'm<00:32:21.261> sure<00:32:21.390> you<00:32:21.422> know,<00:32:21.665> like,<00:32:22.071> the,<00:32:23.271> uh,<00:32:23.595> you<00:32:23.709> know,<00:32:23.920> creating<00:32:24.260> the<00:32:24.406> images<00:32:24.747> and<00:32:24.909> things<00:32:25.087> like<00:32:25.298> that.

00:32:25.785 --> 00:32:27.715
Don't<00:32:25.898> they<00:32:25.963> only<00:32:26.368> have,<00:32:26.514> like,<00:32:26.709> 6<00:32:27.098> or<00:32:27.244> 8<00:32:27.406> employees?

00:32:27.925 --> 00:32:30.474
And<00:32:28.055> it's<00:32:28.152> like,<00:32:28.801> it's<00:32:29.044> game-changing<00:32:30.018> what<00:32:30.180> they've<00:32:30.375> done.

00:32:30.573 --> 00:32:32.766
And<00:32:30.672> the<00:32:30.771> whole<00:32:30.919> company's<00:32:31.266> kind<00:32:31.414> of<00:32:31.513> run<00:32:31.826> through<00:32:32.073> Discord.

00:32:32.815 --> 00:32:34.952
It's<00:32:33.470> It's<00:32:33.680> wild.

00:32:35.468 --> 00:32:38.433
Do<00:32:35.694> you<00:32:35.871> kind<00:32:35.935> of<00:32:36.048> see<00:32:36.290> more<00:32:36.934> companies<00:32:37.547> like<00:32:37.804> being<00:32:37.966> like<00:32:38.207> that?

00:32:40.540 --> 00:32:41.118
Yeah,<00:32:40.781> for<00:32:40.829> sure.

00:32:41.215 --> 00:32:43.915
I<00:32:41.295> mean,<00:32:41.456> I've<00:32:41.536> seen<00:32:41.793> companies<00:32:42.259> be<00:32:42.420> like<00:32:42.645> this<00:32:43.127> for<00:32:43.304> a<00:32:43.369> decade.

00:32:44.413 --> 00:32:56.660
Um,<00:32:44.590> yeah,<00:32:45.394> and<00:32:45.474> you<00:32:45.555> know,<00:32:45.796> all<00:32:45.940> of<00:32:45.973> these<00:32:46.921> little<00:32:47.725> bits<00:32:48.352> of<00:32:48.673> running<00:32:49.027> a<00:32:49.220> company,<00:32:49.653> creating<00:32:50.377> software,<00:32:51.646> um,<00:32:51.887> building<00:32:52.225> infrastructure<00:32:52.803> like<00:32:53.092> that<00:32:53.414> have<00:32:53.655> been<00:32:54.394> coming<00:32:54.715> into<00:32:55.021> the<00:32:55.181> world<00:32:55.583> for<00:32:55.744> a<00:32:55.824> long<00:32:56.065> time<00:32:56.419> now.

00:32:57.206 --> 00:33:02.880
So<00:32:57.672> you've<00:32:58.090> had<00:32:58.630> different<00:32:59.010> ways<00:32:59.250> to<00:32:59.470> do<00:32:59.550> distributed<00:32:59.930> work<00:33:00.390> that<00:33:00.510> have<00:33:00.710> been<00:33:01.210> better<00:33:01.590> and<00:33:01.770> better<00:33:01.970> over<00:33:02.230> time.

00:33:02.990 --> 00:33:12.370
You've<00:33:03.150> had<00:33:03.230> different<00:33:03.490> ways,<00:33:03.930> just,<00:33:04.210> just<00:33:04.310> taking<00:33:04.430> your<00:33:04.610> example,<00:33:05.150> obviously<00:33:05.530> different<00:33:06.230> ways<00:33:06.570> to<00:33:07.210> run<00:33:07.590> AI<00:33:07.890> models<00:33:08.290> on<00:33:08.530> different<00:33:08.950> computers<00:33:09.650> that<00:33:09.910> have<00:33:10.130> been<00:33:10.790> getting<00:33:11.010> better<00:33:11.250> and<00:33:11.430> better<00:33:11.630> for<00:33:11.770> a<00:33:11.970> while<00:33:12.010> now.

00:33:12.370 --> 00:33:20.590
And<00:33:12.630> as<00:33:13.070> I<00:33:13.270> said<00:33:13.550> sort<00:33:13.770> of<00:33:13.850> at<00:33:13.990> the<00:33:14.050> beginning,<00:33:14.590> it's<00:33:15.009> been<00:33:15.310> a<00:33:15.510> culmination<00:33:16.070> of<00:33:16.250> lots<00:33:16.450> and<00:33:16.610> lots<00:33:16.750> of<00:33:16.930> different<00:33:17.110> things,<00:33:18.030> um,<00:33:18.670> and<00:33:18.770> you<00:33:18.930> see<00:33:19.110> these<00:33:19.370> amazing<00:33:19.810> things<00:33:20.050> happen.

00:33:20.590 --> 00:33:24.120
Um,<00:33:20.930> so<00:33:21.030> I'm<00:33:21.290> really<00:33:21.510> excited,<00:33:21.990> um,<00:33:23.050> to<00:33:23.170> see<00:33:23.310> more<00:33:23.550> of<00:33:23.670> it<00:33:23.770> happen.

00:33:24.270 --> 00:33:25.750
You<00:33:24.650> will<00:33:24.850> see<00:33:25.050> more<00:33:25.250> of<00:33:25.350> it<00:33:25.470> happen.

00:33:27.240 --> 00:33:28.797
You'll<00:33:27.336> see<00:33:27.577> more<00:33:27.802> of<00:33:27.898> it<00:33:27.978> be<00:33:28.139> mainstream.

00:33:28.877 --> 00:33:43.358
And<00:33:29.648> hopefully<00:33:30.691> gradually<00:33:32.232> these<00:33:32.489> new<00:33:32.778> ways<00:33:33.115> of<00:33:33.902> doing<00:33:34.239> things,<00:33:34.865> not<00:33:35.026> just<00:33:35.267> building<00:33:35.604> companies<00:33:36.246> and<00:33:36.390> remote<00:33:36.712> work<00:33:36.904> and<00:33:37.033> all<00:33:37.065> that<00:33:37.306> sort<00:33:37.386> of<00:33:37.450> stuff,<00:33:37.755> I<00:33:37.803> don't<00:33:37.996> find<00:33:38.156> that<00:33:38.205> very<00:33:38.574> interesting<00:33:40.564> in<00:33:40.645> terms<00:33:40.902> of,<00:33:41.078> you<00:33:41.142> know,<00:33:41.303> that's<00:33:41.544> not<00:33:41.929> necessarily<00:33:42.668> game-changing.

00:33:43.695 --> 00:33:43.807
Sure.

00:33:43.952 --> 00:33:50.020
But<00:33:44.594> building<00:33:45.076> different<00:33:45.477> models<00:33:45.878> and<00:33:46.103> integrating<00:33:46.745> these<00:33:47.082> AIs<00:33:47.484> into<00:33:47.805> products,<00:33:49.073> that's<00:33:49.330> going<00:33:49.474> to<00:33:49.555> be<00:33:49.651> fascinating.

00:33:50.117 --> 00:33:56.319
And<00:33:50.374> hopefully<00:33:50.775> they'll<00:33:50.919> replace<00:33:51.417> old<00:33:51.578> ways<00:33:51.899> of<00:33:51.979> doing<00:33:52.300> things<00:33:52.621> that<00:33:53.286> You<00:33:53.366> know,<00:33:53.528> at<00:33:53.673> this<00:33:53.851> point,<00:33:54.028> it's<00:33:54.173> just<00:33:54.335> wasting<00:33:54.673> a<00:33:54.738> lot<00:33:54.915> of<00:33:54.980> people's<00:33:55.303> time<00:33:55.948> and<00:33:56.029> money.

00:33:57.303 --> 00:34:05.952
Well,<00:33:57.400> beyond<00:33:57.787> like<00:33:58.029> the,<00:33:58.594> uh,<00:33:58.933> should<00:33:59.191> you<00:33:59.256> be<00:33:59.417> working<00:33:59.740> in<00:33:59.885> person,<00:34:00.466> should<00:34:00.627> you<00:34:00.692> be<00:34:00.788> working<00:34:00.998> at<00:34:01.111> home,<00:34:01.531> hybrid,<00:34:02.224> all<00:34:02.257> that<00:34:02.370> type<00:34:02.499> of<00:34:02.579> stuff—<00:34:03.435> I<00:34:03.451> agree<00:34:03.661> with<00:34:03.854> you,<00:34:04.016> I<00:34:04.112> feel<00:34:04.419> like<00:34:04.580> that<00:34:04.742> conversation's<00:34:05.371> been<00:34:05.468> had.

00:34:06.178 --> 00:34:09.099
Um,<00:34:07.082> but<00:34:07.227> what<00:34:07.388> is<00:34:07.566> the<00:34:07.647> future<00:34:08.034> of<00:34:08.131> work<00:34:08.615> beyond<00:34:08.938> that?

00:34:11.431 --> 00:34:17.585
Yeah,<00:34:11.772> I<00:34:11.852> mean,<00:34:13.941> I<00:34:14.200> hope<00:34:15.075> that<00:34:15.237> the<00:34:15.318> future<00:34:15.739> of<00:34:15.884> work<00:34:16.386> is<00:34:16.791> more<00:34:17.050> self-defined.

00:34:18.577 --> 00:34:28.676
I<00:34:19.076> think<00:34:19.398> work<00:34:19.704> for<00:34:19.865> the<00:34:19.962> longest<00:34:20.364> time<00:34:21.894> has<00:34:22.135> been<00:34:22.457> very<00:34:22.683> much<00:34:22.940> defined<00:34:23.584> by<00:34:24.309> a<00:34:25.983> very,<00:34:26.724> very<00:34:26.901> small<00:34:27.368> amount<00:34:27.609> of<00:34:27.754> people<00:34:28.012> in<00:34:28.109> society.

00:34:29.373 --> 00:34:33.296
You<00:34:29.454> know,<00:34:30.103> in<00:34:30.378> feudal<00:34:30.767> times,<00:34:31.173> it<00:34:31.254> was<00:34:31.416> defined<00:34:31.983> by<00:34:32.145> the<00:34:32.226> people<00:34:32.534> that<00:34:32.712> owned<00:34:32.858> the<00:34:32.956> land.

00:34:33.860 --> 00:34:36.500
They<00:34:34.362> decided<00:34:34.929> what<00:34:35.171> work<00:34:35.771> everyone<00:34:36.079> else<00:34:36.240> did.

00:34:36.969 --> 00:34:44.619
You<00:34:37.067> know,<00:34:37.196> they<00:34:37.293> had<00:34:37.471> to<00:34:38.168> plant<00:34:38.411> these<00:34:38.605> seeds,<00:34:39.940> sow<00:34:40.052> and<00:34:40.214> reap,<00:34:40.520> and<00:34:40.617> blah,<00:34:40.795> blah,<00:34:41.101> blah,<00:34:41.811> do<00:34:42.069> this<00:34:42.295> labor<00:34:43.522> to<00:34:43.667> get<00:34:43.844> value<00:34:44.151> from<00:34:44.312> the<00:34:44.409> land.

00:34:45.538 --> 00:35:00.608
And<00:34:45.955> then,<00:34:46.597> you<00:34:46.677> know,<00:34:47.223> the,<00:34:48.186> the<00:34:48.282> work<00:34:48.603> that<00:34:48.683> was<00:34:48.844> done<00:34:49.069> by<00:34:49.165> people<00:34:49.486> in<00:34:49.630> society<00:34:50.192> was<00:34:50.369> decided<00:34:50.834> by<00:34:50.930> those<00:34:51.396> that<00:34:52.038> had<00:34:52.279> access<00:34:52.696> to<00:34:52.937> factors<00:34:53.418> of<00:34:53.579> production<00:34:54.301> like<00:34:55.087> oil<00:34:55.200> extraction<00:34:56.211> or<00:34:56.869> manufacturing<00:34:57.607> certain<00:34:57.976> things,<00:34:58.698> uh,<00:34:58.939> or<00:34:59.132> a<00:34:59.196> loom<00:34:59.677> or<00:34:59.838> whatever<00:35:00.159> it<00:35:00.384> was.

00:35:01.507 --> 00:35:10.559
And<00:35:01.989> again,<00:35:02.245> there<00:35:02.390> were<00:35:02.486> very<00:35:02.727> few<00:35:02.887> people<00:35:03.128> in<00:35:03.208> society<00:35:04.011> that<00:35:04.171> had<00:35:04.476> access<00:35:04.813> to<00:35:04.974> various<00:35:05.359> things<00:35:05.840> that,<00:35:06.643> or,<00:35:06.900> or<00:35:07.044> were<00:35:07.526> just<00:35:07.734> super,<00:35:08.280> super<00:35:08.585> great<00:35:08.826> entrepreneurs<00:35:09.468> and<00:35:10.094> inventors.

00:35:11.537 --> 00:35:17.020
Um,<00:35:12.579> and<00:35:12.675> then,<00:35:14.343> you<00:35:14.439> know,<00:35:14.920> I—<00:35:15.320> we<00:35:15.465> can<00:35:15.641> go<00:35:15.882> into<00:35:16.122> the<00:35:16.282> intellectual<00:35:16.843> era.

00:35:17.148 --> 00:35:27.665
I<00:35:17.180> sort<00:35:17.389> of<00:35:17.469> highlight<00:35:17.869> these<00:35:18.110> eras<00:35:18.447> in<00:35:18.511> the<00:35:18.671> book,<00:35:18.992> but<00:35:20.434> the<00:35:20.595> work<00:35:20.867> that<00:35:21.092> most<00:35:21.493> people<00:35:21.813> in<00:35:21.893> the<00:35:21.973> world<00:35:22.214> did<00:35:22.519> was<00:35:22.631> determined<00:35:23.240> by<00:35:24.041> the<00:35:24.138> very<00:35:24.378> few<00:35:24.619> people<00:35:25.019> that<00:35:25.244> had<00:35:25.404> access<00:35:25.805> to<00:35:25.965> the<00:35:26.126> core<00:35:26.366> factor<00:35:26.639> of<00:35:26.767> production<00:35:27.184> at<00:35:27.248> that<00:35:27.424> time.

00:35:28.787 --> 00:35:33.243
Now<00:35:29.027> the<00:35:29.171> core<00:35:29.492> factors<00:35:29.925> of<00:35:30.069> production,<00:35:31.913> um,<00:35:32.153> just<00:35:32.458> more<00:35:32.650> distributed.

00:35:33.292 --> 00:35:36.289
I'm<00:35:33.436> not<00:35:33.596> saying<00:35:33.853> they're<00:35:34.157> totally<00:35:34.622> evenly<00:35:34.959> distributed,<00:35:35.520> they're<00:35:35.600> far<00:35:35.840> from<00:35:36.161> it.

00:35:36.787 --> 00:35:40.158
And<00:35:36.883> I'm<00:35:36.963> not<00:35:37.124> saying<00:35:37.525> they're<00:35:37.670> well<00:35:37.927> distributed<00:35:38.793> even<00:35:38.970> in<00:35:39.050> the<00:35:39.195> hands<00:35:39.452> of<00:35:39.532> the<00:35:39.596> right<00:35:39.773> people.

00:35:40.254 --> 00:35:42.148
And<00:35:40.399> I'm<00:35:40.495> not<00:35:40.671> saying<00:35:41.458> lots<00:35:41.699> of<00:35:41.779> things.

00:35:42.196 --> 00:35:47.060
I'm<00:35:42.341> just<00:35:42.501> saying<00:35:43.449> they're<00:35:43.625> more<00:35:44.026> openly,<00:35:44.652> even<00:35:45.134> well<00:35:45.295> distributed<00:35:46.033> than<00:35:46.177> they<00:35:46.338> were<00:35:46.498> in<00:35:46.531> the<00:35:46.659> past.

00:35:47.943 --> 00:35:56.467
And<00:35:48.585> that<00:35:48.922> means<00:35:49.388> more<00:35:49.564> people<00:35:49.805> can<00:35:49.966> choose,<00:35:50.608> I<00:35:50.672> hope—<00:35:51.571> what<00:35:51.635> I<00:35:51.812> see<00:35:52.133> now,<00:35:52.518> but<00:35:52.614> I<00:35:52.679> hope<00:35:53.497> this<00:35:53.738> is<00:35:54.123> more<00:35:54.284> the<00:35:54.316> case<00:35:54.637> in<00:35:54.701> future—<00:35:55.568> what<00:35:55.809> work<00:35:55.969> they<00:35:56.226> do.

00:35:57.334 --> 00:36:01.989
Um,<00:35:58.698> and<00:35:58.778> interestingly,<00:35:59.501> this<00:35:59.677> is<00:35:59.822> my<00:35:59.998> personal<00:36:00.400> mission,<00:36:00.961> just<00:36:01.074> sort<00:36:01.282> of<00:36:01.363> as<00:36:01.459> a<00:36:01.523> side<00:36:01.828> note.

00:36:02.085 --> 00:36:03.450
And<00:36:02.149> this<00:36:02.326> is<00:36:02.406> why<00:36:02.470> I<00:36:02.631> worked<00:36:02.872> at<00:36:02.952> AngelList.

00:36:03.514 --> 00:36:03.979
Let<00:36:03.642> me<00:36:03.690> bring<00:36:03.851> this<00:36:03.947> up.

00:36:04.172 --> 00:36:05.874
Because<00:36:04.332> you<00:36:04.557> wanted<00:36:04.798> to<00:36:04.846> talk<00:36:04.991> about<00:36:05.199> AngelList<00:36:05.472> at<00:36:05.537> the<00:36:05.601> beginning.

00:36:06.179 --> 00:36:13.372
You<00:36:06.741> know,<00:36:06.837> my<00:36:07.142> dream<00:36:07.399> in,<00:36:08.009> in<00:36:08.090> working<00:36:08.427> at<00:36:08.507> AngelList<00:36:08.908> was<00:36:09.133> that<00:36:09.294> I<00:36:09.920> have<00:36:10.097> a<00:36:10.193> very<00:36:10.370> small<00:36:11.317> impact<00:36:11.799> on<00:36:11.879> helping<00:36:12.136> more<00:36:12.360> people<00:36:12.666> work<00:36:12.842> for<00:36:12.922> themselves.

00:36:14.303 --> 00:36:29.749
So<00:36:14.432> if<00:36:14.528> they<00:36:14.673> had<00:36:14.849> access<00:36:15.154> to<00:36:15.251> capital,<00:36:15.989> if<00:36:16.134> they<00:36:16.198> had<00:36:16.358> access<00:36:16.696> to<00:36:16.936> talent,<00:36:17.354> and<00:36:17.739> they<00:36:17.820> had<00:36:17.980> access<00:36:18.382> to<00:36:18.622> distribution<00:36:19.345> of<00:36:19.425> their<00:36:19.586> idea<00:36:19.987> and<00:36:20.132> whatever<00:36:20.389> else—<00:36:20.613> these<00:36:20.790> are<00:36:20.870> all<00:36:21.031> things<00:36:21.336> you<00:36:21.368> can<00:36:21.577> do<00:36:21.753> on<00:36:21.834> AngelList,<00:36:23.182> or<00:36:23.279> AngelList,<00:36:23.664> WellFound,<00:36:24.065> and<00:36:24.242> Product<00:36:24.547> Hunt,<00:36:24.804> and<00:36:24.884> all<00:36:24.981> the<00:36:25.045> constituent<00:36:25.832> companies<00:36:26.329> now—<00:36:27.277> um,<00:36:27.694> then<00:36:28.095> they<00:36:28.240> would<00:36:28.401> be<00:36:28.497> able<00:36:28.690> to<00:36:28.979> work<00:36:29.203> for<00:36:29.284> themselves.

00:36:30.013 --> 00:36:31.619
And<00:36:30.181> choose<00:36:30.448> the<00:36:30.532> work<00:36:30.783> that<00:36:30.866> they<00:36:31.033> want<00:36:31.284> to<00:36:31.535> do.

00:36:33.130 --> 00:36:41.713
And<00:36:33.729> I<00:36:33.810> think<00:36:35.659> that<00:36:35.983> is<00:36:36.178> a<00:36:36.307> very<00:36:36.729> humanist<00:36:37.296> perspective,<00:36:38.026> but<00:36:38.107> it's,<00:36:38.593> it's<00:36:39.469> all<00:36:39.550> philosophy,<00:36:40.360> but<00:36:40.539> it's<00:36:40.750> mine.

00:36:41.890 --> 00:36:49.666
And<00:36:42.694> I<00:36:43.015> work<00:36:43.272> in<00:36:43.497> AI<00:36:43.898> for<00:36:44.091> the<00:36:44.172> same<00:36:44.397> reason,<00:36:45.200> which<00:36:45.377> is<00:36:45.505> I<00:36:45.601> think<00:36:45.859> it<00:36:45.923> can<00:36:46.083> help<00:36:46.324> more<00:36:46.485> people<00:36:46.806> choose<00:36:47.272> the<00:36:47.353> work<00:36:47.690> that<00:36:47.851> they<00:36:48.638> want<00:36:48.879> to<00:36:49.618> do.

00:36:49.923 --> 00:37:05.973
And<00:36:50.020> whether<00:36:50.325> that<00:36:50.486> is<00:36:50.583> just<00:36:50.809> because<00:36:51.149> they<00:36:51.295> have<00:36:51.456> to<00:36:51.553> do<00:36:51.715> less<00:36:52.023> work<00:36:53.090> because<00:36:53.640> AI<00:36:53.802> is<00:36:53.883> doing<00:36:53.996> more<00:36:54.142> of<00:36:54.206> the<00:36:54.304> work<00:36:54.530> for<00:36:54.643> them,<00:36:55.420> or<00:36:55.517> whether<00:36:55.759> that<00:36:56.245> is<00:36:56.390> because<00:36:57.537> they<00:36:58.756> can<00:36:59.141> get,<00:36:59.782> uh,<00:37:00.504> AI<00:37:00.761> to<00:37:00.921> do<00:37:01.162> lots<00:37:01.418> of<00:37:01.563> the<00:37:01.787> work<00:37:02.044> that<00:37:02.124> they<00:37:02.284> don't<00:37:02.589> want<00:37:02.782> to<00:37:02.830> do,<00:37:03.006> and<00:37:03.070> they<00:37:03.166> can<00:37:03.391> focus<00:37:03.808> on<00:37:04.193> doing<00:37:04.514> a<00:37:04.594> lot<00:37:04.770> of<00:37:04.931> a<00:37:04.947> certain<00:37:05.268> type<00:37:05.572> of<00:37:05.717> work.

00:37:07.032 --> 00:37:12.565
Sort<00:37:07.256> of<00:37:07.337> beside<00:37:07.593> the<00:37:07.738> point,<00:37:08.203> but,<00:37:09.005> uh,<00:37:09.486> I<00:37:09.502> think<00:37:09.742> the<00:37:09.823> future<00:37:10.208> of<00:37:10.304> work<00:37:10.528> is<00:37:10.625> more<00:37:10.849> people<00:37:11.090> choosing<00:37:11.491> what,<00:37:11.972> what<00:37:12.132> they<00:37:12.229> can<00:37:12.405> do.

00:37:13.175 --> 00:37:46.155
Now,<00:37:13.415> of<00:37:13.496> course,<00:37:13.736> I<00:37:13.752> can<00:37:13.977> go<00:37:14.153> on<00:37:14.554> and<00:37:14.859> on<00:37:15.019> about<00:37:16.302> all<00:37:16.335> the<00:37:16.415> different<00:37:16.719> technologies<00:37:17.521> that<00:37:17.746> AI<00:37:18.067> enables<00:37:18.708> that<00:37:18.805> help<00:37:19.045> you<00:37:19.350> get<00:37:20.248> work<00:37:20.521> done<00:37:20.713> faster,<00:37:22.558> but<00:37:22.718> I<00:37:22.814> guess<00:37:23.119> I<00:37:23.199> would<00:37:23.296> say<00:37:24.097> I'm<00:37:24.258> most<00:37:24.514> excited<00:37:25.124> for<00:37:25.365> the<00:37:25.942> the<00:37:26.103> prosumer<00:37:26.826> category,<00:37:27.469> which<00:37:27.629> is<00:37:27.790> like<00:37:28.658> the<00:37:28.818> individual<00:37:29.477> small<00:37:29.863> business<00:37:30.361> owner<00:37:31.164> that<00:37:31.309> may<00:37:31.486> have<00:37:31.887> zero<00:37:32.594> or<00:37:32.626> a<00:37:32.642> small<00:37:33.012> amount<00:37:33.189> of<00:37:33.333> employees,<00:37:34.683> and<00:37:35.181> them<00:37:35.583> being<00:37:35.904> able<00:37:36.145> to<00:37:36.290> use<00:37:36.402> AI<00:37:36.708> to<00:37:36.949> do<00:37:37.109> things<00:37:37.495> like<00:37:37.977> manage<00:37:38.314> their<00:37:38.475> books,<00:37:39.343> produce<00:37:39.744> content<00:37:40.242> for<00:37:40.323> social<00:37:40.724> media,<00:37:41.046> like<00:37:41.431> make<00:37:41.592> a<00:37:41.672> flyer,<00:37:42.010> make<00:37:42.331> a<00:37:42.395> whatever,<00:37:43.456> manage<00:37:43.777> their<00:37:43.874> marketing<00:37:44.259> campaign,<00:37:45.207> create<00:37:45.464> a<00:37:45.545> budget<00:37:45.930> for<00:37:45.978> them.

00:37:46.509 --> 00:37:51.859
You<00:37:46.669> do<00:37:46.750> all<00:37:46.910> these<00:37:47.216> things<00:37:47.553> that<00:37:47.698> are<00:37:47.778> just<00:37:47.939> generic<00:37:48.421> business<00:37:48.838> things<00:37:49.562> that<00:37:49.626> have<00:37:49.803> nothing<00:37:50.204> to<00:37:50.365> do<00:37:50.670> with<00:37:50.751> the<00:37:50.911> actual<00:37:51.233> product<00:37:51.490> they're<00:37:51.715> building.

00:37:52.358 --> 00:37:57.615
Like<00:37:52.454> they<00:37:52.615> might<00:37:52.856> be<00:37:52.952> machining<00:37:53.805> a<00:37:53.901> lens<00:37:54.705> or<00:37:54.769> like,<00:37:55.734> um,<00:37:56.474> building<00:37:56.763> a<00:37:56.795> microscope.

00:37:57.696 --> 00:38:01.698
Or<00:37:57.921> I<00:37:58.001> was<00:37:58.499> just<00:37:58.725> thinking<00:37:58.821> about<00:37:59.046> microscopes<00:37:59.625> and<00:37:59.705> telescopes<00:38:00.252> over<00:38:00.332> the<00:38:00.413> weekend,<00:38:00.750> so<00:38:00.879> this<00:38:00.991> is<00:38:01.120> my<00:38:01.200> example.

00:38:02.180 --> 00:38:11.725
But,<00:38:02.325> um,<00:38:02.646> they<00:38:02.823> might<00:38:02.984> be<00:38:03.209> building<00:38:03.562> something<00:38:04.736> that<00:38:04.848> is<00:38:05.057> actually<00:38:06.102> very<00:38:06.744> unique,<00:38:07.725> uh,<00:38:08.432> artisanal,<00:38:09.300> technical,<00:38:09.979> whatever<00:38:10.464> it<00:38:11.677> is.

00:38:12.405 --> 00:38:28.940
All<00:38:12.485> this<00:38:12.793> other<00:38:13.035> generic<00:38:13.537> business<00:38:13.925> stuff,<00:38:14.184> which<00:38:14.361> is<00:38:14.507> just<00:38:14.750> like<00:38:14.992> a,<00:38:16.124> a<00:38:16.189> thing<00:38:16.529> you<00:38:16.674> have<00:38:16.852> to<00:38:17.095> do<00:38:17.499> to<00:38:17.661> get<00:38:17.968> your<00:38:18.065> product<00:38:18.615> out<00:38:18.713> there,<00:38:19.448> you<00:38:19.481> know,<00:38:19.698> in<00:38:19.798> the<00:38:19.949> economy<00:38:20.960> this<00:38:21.460> is<00:38:21.760> not<00:38:21.960> central<00:38:22.400> to<00:38:22.600> what<00:38:22.680> they<00:38:22.860> want<00:38:23.040> to<00:38:23.300> do,<00:38:23.440> and<00:38:23.560> it's<00:38:23.740> not<00:38:23.940> central<00:38:24.340> to<00:38:24.600> them,<00:38:25.300> the<00:38:25.360> value<00:38:25.700> they're<00:38:25.960> adding<00:38:26.160> to<00:38:26.380> the<00:38:26.560> world,<00:38:26.720> the<00:38:26.820> unique<00:38:27.120> value<00:38:27.400> they're<00:38:27.640> bringing<00:38:27.820> into<00:38:28.120> the<00:38:28.300> world.

00:38:28.940 --> 00:38:31.210
So<00:38:28.941> I<00:38:29.180> hope<00:38:29.400> AI<00:38:29.620> can<00:38:29.760> help<00:38:29.900> people<00:38:30.180> do<00:38:30.360> a<00:38:30.500> lot<00:38:30.520> of<00:38:30.580> that<00:38:30.760> stuff.

00:38:32.780 --> 00:38:39.090
What<00:38:32.880> are<00:38:33.000> your<00:38:33.160> thoughts<00:38:33.440> on<00:38:33.760> universal<00:38:34.180> basic<00:38:34.940> income,<00:38:35.920> something<00:38:35.960> that<00:38:36.660> Sam<00:38:36.899> Altman<00:38:37.120> and<00:38:37.300> others<00:38:37.580> have<00:38:37.740> been<00:38:37.860> talking<00:38:38.040> about<00:38:38.260> for<00:38:38.440> a<00:38:38.640> while?

00:38:39.980 --> 00:38:48.600
Yeah,<00:38:40.340> I<00:38:40.840> was<00:38:40.960> really<00:38:41.240> interested<00:38:41.680> in<00:38:41.940> it<00:38:42.180> a<00:38:42.260> while<00:38:42.420> ago,<00:38:43.420> um,<00:38:43.620> but<00:38:44.240> you<00:38:44.500> know,<00:38:44.740> frankly,<00:38:45.080> I'm<00:38:45.160> out<00:38:45.280> of<00:38:45.380> the<00:38:45.500> debate<00:38:45.800> now,<00:38:46.160> so<00:38:46.320> I<00:38:46.480> don't<00:38:46.520> really<00:38:46.680> have<00:38:46.820> a<00:38:46.960> good<00:38:47.240> answer<00:38:47.860> for<00:38:48.060> you<00:38:48.200> there.

00:38:48.740 --> 00:38:57.236
I'm<00:38:49.100> not<00:38:49.360> a<00:38:49.408> super<00:38:49.633> political<00:38:50.195> person,<00:38:50.903> and<00:38:52.108> I've<00:38:53.153> opted<00:38:53.555> out<00:38:53.732> of<00:38:53.957> living<00:38:54.616> in<00:38:54.761> a<00:38:54.793> society<00:38:55.580> where<00:38:55.741> that's<00:38:56.368> even<00:38:56.609> really<00:38:56.786> a<00:38:56.850> question.

00:38:58.380 --> 00:39:18.278
I<00:38:58.396> live<00:38:58.575> in<00:38:58.673> a<00:38:58.738> society—<00:38:59.552> I<00:38:59.617> live<00:38:59.731> in<00:38:59.878> Italy,<00:39:00.839> and<00:39:01.099> I<00:39:01.181> live<00:39:01.343> in<00:39:01.425> a<00:39:01.441> society<00:39:02.076> where<00:39:05.629> you<00:39:06.694> have<00:39:08.533> less<00:39:08.727> of<00:39:08.808> a<00:39:08.872> need<00:39:09.179> for<00:39:09.340> policies<00:39:09.840> like<00:39:10.082> that<00:39:10.389> because<00:39:11.454> there's<00:39:11.696> a<00:39:11.857> little<00:39:12.083> bit<00:39:12.277> more<00:39:12.729> of<00:39:13.553> a<00:39:13.869> socialized<00:39:14.866> system<00:39:15.465> or<00:39:15.548> a<00:39:15.564> system<00:39:16.030> which<00:39:16.592> So<00:39:16.672> it<00:39:16.752> takes<00:39:16.993> care<00:39:17.170> of<00:39:17.314> people<00:39:17.555> in<00:39:17.636> a<00:39:17.716> different<00:39:18.037> way.

00:39:18.695 --> 00:39:23.255
So,<00:39:19.081> uh,<00:39:20.189> I,<00:39:20.381> it's<00:39:20.702> not<00:39:20.783> a<00:39:20.911> debate<00:39:21.104> I'm<00:39:21.313> part<00:39:21.489> of<00:39:21.586> anymore<00:39:22.131> and<00:39:22.212> not<00:39:22.437> well<00:39:22.533> informed<00:39:22.950> about.

00:39:24.556 --> 00:39:33.339
I'm<00:39:24.717> interested<00:39:25.182> in<00:39:25.262> like<00:39:25.503> how<00:39:25.744> you<00:39:25.985> live<00:39:26.226> your<00:39:26.531> life,<00:39:28.233> you<00:39:28.329> know,<00:39:28.618> through<00:39:28.795> the,<00:39:29.261> you<00:39:29.293> know,<00:39:29.501> we've<00:39:29.678> been<00:39:29.839> doing<00:39:30.063> this<00:39:30.176> about<00:39:30.401> 40<00:39:30.722> minutes<00:39:31.043> now,<00:39:31.444> and<00:39:32.070> that<00:39:32.167> kind<00:39:32.343> of<00:39:32.408> seems<00:39:32.632> like<00:39:32.825> a<00:39:32.954> recurring<00:39:33.243> thing.

00:39:33.435 --> 00:39:41.094
It<00:39:33.532> seems<00:39:33.756> like<00:39:33.869> you<00:39:33.949> have<00:39:34.094> like<00:39:34.270> a<00:39:34.415> set<00:39:34.720> of<00:39:34.880> values<00:39:35.619> and<00:39:35.780> principles<00:39:37.128> and<00:39:37.305> things,<00:39:37.706> ways<00:39:38.108> that<00:39:38.333> you<00:39:38.509> go<00:39:38.734> about<00:39:39.055> living<00:39:39.312> your<00:39:39.457> own<00:39:39.617> life,<00:39:40.035> which<00:39:40.275> is<00:39:40.597> beautiful.

00:39:41.159 --> 00:39:44.408
Like<00:39:41.319> the<00:39:41.464> fact<00:39:41.720> that<00:39:42.662> Um,<00:39:43.066> you<00:39:43.163> didn't<00:39:43.373> even<00:39:43.535> entertain<00:39:43.939> that<00:39:44.020> question.

00:39:44.456 --> 00:39:45.249
It's<00:39:44.618> fascinating<00:39:45.006> to<00:39:45.087> me.

00:39:45.798 --> 00:39:49.630
Uh,<00:39:46.203> like,<00:39:47.334> tell<00:39:47.593> me,<00:39:48.466> how<00:39:48.563> do<00:39:48.709> you<00:39:48.870> live<00:39:49.032> your<00:39:49.210> life?

00:39:49.840 --> 00:39:52.596
What<00:39:49.937> do<00:39:50.164> you—<00:39:50.487> what<00:39:50.584> are—<00:39:51.797> what's<00:39:51.975> a<00:39:52.104> day<00:39:52.266> look<00:39:52.431> like?

00:39:52.694 --> 00:39:53.732
I'm<00:39:52.925> super<00:39:53.255> fascinated.

00:39:55.206 --> 00:39:59.474
Um,<00:39:56.656> uh,<00:39:56.913> it's,<00:39:57.235> it's<00:39:57.638> very<00:39:57.879> nice<00:39:58.121> of<00:39:58.185> you<00:39:58.298> to<00:39:58.346> describe<00:39:58.701> it<00:39:58.846> as<00:39:59.071> beautiful.

00:39:59.635 --> 00:40:00.617
I<00:39:59.651> think<00:39:59.876> some<00:40:00.134> people<00:40:00.440> would.

00:40:00.682 --> 00:40:04.953
I<00:40:00.778> think<00:40:00.939> a<00:40:01.004> lot<00:40:01.116> of<00:40:01.181> people<00:40:01.503> would<00:40:01.664> describe<00:40:02.147> it<00:40:02.373> as<00:40:02.711> rigid,<00:40:03.661> um,<00:40:03.919> and<00:40:03.999> not<00:40:04.144> very<00:40:04.370> beautiful.

00:40:05.196 --> 00:40:09.039
Um,<00:40:06.283> so,<00:40:06.818> uh,<00:40:07.158> I<00:40:07.239> think<00:40:07.466> you<00:40:07.563> keyed<00:40:07.823> into<00:40:08.131> a<00:40:08.196> few<00:40:08.374> things<00:40:08.698> there.

00:40:09.347 --> 00:40:14.589
It's<00:40:09.687> amazing<00:40:10.157> how<00:40:10.303> perceptive<00:40:10.952> you<00:40:11.114> are<00:40:11.454> and<00:40:11.698> that<00:40:11.860> you've<00:40:12.346> address<00:40:12.522> these<00:40:12.586> things<00:40:12.906> just<00:40:13.147> in<00:40:13.243> this,<00:40:13.483> uh,<00:40:13.708> 40<00:40:13.820> minutes<00:40:14.204> or<00:40:14.300> so.

00:40:15.470 --> 00:40:27.583
Um,<00:40:16.431> so<00:40:16.608> a<00:40:16.688> lot<00:40:16.832> of<00:40:16.912> what<00:40:16.992> you<00:40:17.072> said<00:40:17.489> is,<00:40:17.809> is,<00:40:18.050> uh,<00:40:19.235> is<00:40:19.396> roughly<00:40:19.812> right,<00:40:20.277> which<00:40:20.517> is<00:40:21.719> I<00:40:21.975> do<00:40:22.232> sit<00:40:22.600> down<00:40:23.161> and<00:40:23.321> write<00:40:23.642> down<00:40:25.084> every<00:40:25.260> couple<00:40:25.516> of<00:40:25.661> years<00:40:25.885> the<00:40:26.045> principles<00:40:26.622> I<00:40:26.766> want<00:40:26.943> to<00:40:27.247> live<00:40:27.487> by.

00:40:27.744 --> 00:40:30.916
Like,<00:40:28.064> I<00:40:28.144> want<00:40:28.385> to<00:40:28.449> be<00:40:28.769> honest<00:40:29.186> and<00:40:29.410> have<00:40:29.602> a<00:40:29.682> certain<00:40:29.971> degree<00:40:30.227> of<00:40:30.387> integrity.

00:40:31.108 --> 00:40:35.435
I<00:40:31.189> want<00:40:31.349> to<00:40:31.493> live<00:40:31.765> according<00:40:32.567> to<00:40:32.711> this<00:40:32.935> principle<00:40:33.336> or<00:40:33.432> that<00:40:33.528> principle,<00:40:34.137> and<00:40:34.329> I<00:40:34.361> score<00:40:34.553> myself<00:40:34.970> against<00:40:35.339> them.

00:40:36.060 --> 00:40:40.145
Like,<00:40:36.781> did<00:40:36.957> all<00:40:37.101> the<00:40:37.181> things<00:40:37.518> that<00:40:37.678> I<00:40:37.838> do<00:40:38.463> this<00:40:38.719> year<00:40:39.184> align<00:40:39.440> with<00:40:39.585> that<00:40:39.761> or<00:40:39.841> not?

00:40:40.707 --> 00:40:46.784
And<00:40:41.284> so<00:40:41.925> yeah,<00:40:42.166> it<00:40:42.326> is<00:40:42.471> very<00:40:42.727> principled<00:40:44.315> and<00:40:44.395> I<00:40:44.411> have<00:40:44.587> a<00:40:44.652> set<00:40:45.117> and<00:40:45.197> it<00:40:45.277> doesn't<00:40:45.598> change<00:40:45.999> much<00:40:46.239> over<00:40:46.416> the<00:40:46.640> years.

00:40:46.881 --> 00:40:55.556
I<00:40:46.977> would<00:40:47.073> say<00:40:47.779> this<00:40:47.955> is<00:40:48.083> the<00:40:48.244> core<00:40:48.516> set<00:40:48.757> of<00:40:49.543> principles,<00:40:50.104> which<00:40:50.264> I<00:40:50.344> guess<00:40:50.585> you'd<00:40:51.307> say<00:40:51.611> are<00:40:51.708> quite<00:40:52.910> moral<00:40:54.578> in<00:40:55.059> category.

00:40:56.037 --> 00:40:57.513
They're<00:40:56.118> quite<00:40:56.278> categorically<00:40:57.016> moral.

00:40:57.882 --> 00:41:02.147
They<00:40:58.443> don't<00:40:58.764> change<00:40:59.084> much,<00:40:59.485> but<00:41:00.191> I<00:41:00.271> do<00:41:00.431> have<00:41:00.608> that.

00:41:02.276 --> 00:41:04.040
That's<00:41:02.532> like<00:41:03.077> the<00:41:03.174> multi-year<00:41:03.815> view.

00:41:04.601 --> 00:41:10.136
The<00:41:04.841> intra-year<00:41:05.579> view<00:41:06.285> is<00:41:07.408> I<00:41:07.568> do<00:41:08.242> set<00:41:08.611> goals<00:41:09.189> that<00:41:09.366> are<00:41:09.655> very<00:41:09.895> clear.

00:41:10.232 --> 00:41:11.870
I<00:41:10.249> set<00:41:10.537> them<00:41:10.634> with<00:41:10.794> a<00:41:10.858> small<00:41:11.131> group<00:41:11.436> of<00:41:11.581> people.

00:41:12.319 --> 00:41:12.993
There's<00:41:12.544> 4<00:41:12.784> of<00:41:12.945> us.

00:41:13.523 --> 00:41:16.829
We<00:41:13.747> check<00:41:14.004> in<00:41:14.149> with<00:41:14.261> each<00:41:14.486> other<00:41:14.726> every<00:41:15.031> week,<00:41:15.304> every<00:41:15.481> quarter,<00:41:16.010> and<00:41:16.091> every<00:41:16.476> year.

00:41:17.294 --> 00:41:24.886
We<00:41:17.391> check<00:41:17.696> in<00:41:17.776> with<00:41:17.840> each<00:41:17.936> other<00:41:18.177> every<00:41:18.418> week<00:41:18.723> in<00:41:18.819> like<00:41:19.044> a<00:41:19.140> Google<00:41:19.381> Doc,<00:41:20.007> uh,<00:41:20.280> every<00:41:20.504> quarter<00:41:20.986> with<00:41:21.146> like<00:41:21.307> a<00:41:21.323> meeting<00:41:21.949> and<00:41:22.093> a<00:41:22.109> quarterly<00:41:22.575> goals<00:41:22.912> doc,<00:41:23.618> and<00:41:23.698> every<00:41:23.939> year<00:41:24.180> with<00:41:24.292> an<00:41:24.420> offsite.

00:41:25.383 --> 00:41:26.699
Um,<00:41:25.720> it's<00:41:25.865> called<00:41:26.186> the<00:41:26.282> Elephants.

00:41:26.764 --> 00:41:35.026
There's<00:41:26.956> like<00:41:27.149> an<00:41:27.325> open—<00:41:27.566> there's<00:41:28.352> not<00:41:28.689> a<00:41:28.706> couple<00:41:28.994> articles<00:41:29.347> about<00:41:29.652> on<00:41:29.717> the<00:41:29.797> internet<00:41:30.070> about<00:41:30.359> how<00:41:30.760> these<00:41:30.936> groups<00:41:31.257> work,<00:41:31.803> um,<00:41:31.980> but<00:41:32.124> I<00:41:32.140> started<00:41:33.102> and<00:41:33.167> we<00:41:33.263> started<00:41:33.760> a<00:41:33.808> group<00:41:33.984> together<00:41:34.449> a<00:41:34.609> while<00:41:34.802> ago.

00:41:35.106 --> 00:41:40.733
And<00:41:35.266> so<00:41:35.747> intriguier,<00:41:36.372> I<00:41:36.405> sort<00:41:36.565> of<00:41:36.789> live<00:41:37.110> my<00:41:37.142> life<00:41:38.296> very<00:41:38.472> much<00:41:38.649> centered<00:41:39.098> on<00:41:39.659> those<00:41:39.835> goals<00:41:40.171> and<00:41:40.236> whatnot.

00:41:41.422 --> 00:41:47.625
Um,<00:41:42.335> and<00:41:42.400> then<00:41:42.704> daily,<00:41:43.377> I<00:41:43.522> guess<00:41:43.842> it's<00:41:44.788> a<00:41:44.884> lot—<00:41:45.365> it's,<00:41:45.606> it's<00:41:45.846> about<00:41:46.167> what<00:41:46.327> I<00:41:46.471> don't<00:41:46.792> do<00:41:46.872> is<00:41:46.968> what<00:41:47.192> I<00:41:47.289> do<00:41:47.401> do.

00:41:47.770 --> 00:41:59.535
So<00:41:48.170> there's<00:41:48.331> a<00:41:48.475> lot<00:41:48.667> that<00:41:48.795> I've<00:41:48.956> cut<00:41:49.132> out<00:41:49.276> of<00:41:49.437> life,<00:41:49.998> like<00:41:50.895> haven't<00:41:51.841> looked<00:41:52.081> at<00:41:52.178> serialized<00:41:52.819> television<00:41:53.861> or<00:41:54.181> anything<00:41:54.566> on<00:41:54.662> a<00:41:54.678> screen<00:41:55.688> except<00:41:56.249> a<00:41:56.265> feature-length<00:41:57.131> movie<00:41:57.451> at<00:41:57.516> a<00:41:57.548> movie<00:41:57.884> theater<00:41:58.269> since<00:41:58.573> 2006.

00:42:00.097 --> 00:42:08.507
Haven't<00:42:00.498> read<00:42:01.397> news<00:42:01.718> content<00:42:02.296> since<00:42:02.536> 2006<00:42:03.804> until<00:42:04.831> the<00:42:04.864> start<00:42:05.233> of<00:42:05.329> the<00:42:05.554> war<00:42:05.666> in<00:42:05.875> Ukraine<00:42:06.276> when<00:42:06.372> I<00:42:06.388> started<00:42:06.854> reading<00:42:07.175> the<00:42:07.255> news<00:42:07.560> a<00:42:07.640> lot<00:42:08.234> again.

00:42:09.101 --> 00:42:14.204
But<00:42:09.245> I<00:42:09.341> didn't,<00:42:09.807> you<00:42:09.839> know,<00:42:10.048> look<00:42:10.224> at—<00:42:10.529> I<00:42:10.561> didn't<00:42:10.770> have<00:42:10.930> a<00:42:10.946> Times<00:42:11.267> subscription,<00:42:11.909> never<00:42:12.086> read<00:42:12.294> the<00:42:12.327> newspaper,<00:42:13.257> anything<00:42:13.739> daily.

00:42:14.862 --> 00:42:18.618
Um,<00:42:14.959> I'd<00:42:15.103> only<00:42:15.424> read<00:42:15.617> things<00:42:15.986> that<00:42:16.146> were<00:42:16.227> produced<00:42:16.644> on<00:42:16.788> like<00:42:16.981> sort<00:42:17.206> of<00:42:17.286> a<00:42:17.366> quarterly<00:42:17.703> or<00:42:17.848> annual<00:42:18.233> basis.

00:42:19.677 --> 00:42:22.117
Um,<00:42:20.351> so<00:42:20.592> there's<00:42:20.817> just<00:42:21.138> a<00:42:21.282> lot<00:42:21.764> I<00:42:21.812> don't<00:42:22.053> do.

00:42:22.727 --> 00:42:24.540
Um,<00:42:23.465> I<00:42:23.481> don't<00:42:23.850> watch<00:42:24.027> sport.

00:42:24.669 --> 00:42:25.535
I've<00:42:24.829> never<00:42:25.054> watched<00:42:25.246> sports.

00:42:26.258 --> 00:42:30.015
Um,<00:42:26.788> so<00:42:26.996> I<00:42:27.061> don't<00:42:27.398> do<00:42:27.494> a<00:42:27.558> lot<00:42:27.719> of<00:42:27.815> things,<00:42:28.361> but<00:42:28.506> I<00:42:28.747> do<00:42:29.389> do<00:42:29.485> a<00:42:29.565> lot<00:42:29.630> of<00:42:29.726> things.

00:42:30.063 --> 00:42:46.072
There's<00:42:30.272> 3<00:42:30.529> things<00:42:30.834> that<00:42:30.930> happen<00:42:31.396> every<00:42:31.589> single<00:42:31.846> day,<00:42:32.697> which<00:42:32.921> is<00:42:33.194> I<00:42:33.355> do,<00:42:34.463> do<00:42:34.704> a<00:42:34.720> lot<00:42:34.961> of<00:42:35.041> sport,<00:42:36.133> I<00:42:36.309> do<00:42:37.176> call<00:42:37.594> a<00:42:37.738> lot<00:42:37.915> of<00:42:37.979> my<00:42:38.156> friends<00:42:38.477> and<00:42:38.637> family,<00:42:39.745> and<00:42:40.147> I<00:42:40.323> do<00:42:40.885> a<00:42:40.950> lot<00:42:41.110> of<00:42:41.207> work,<00:42:42.234> um,<00:42:42.716> and<00:42:43.037> around<00:42:43.519> like<00:42:44.097> in<00:42:44.241> a<00:42:44.322> very<00:42:44.562> specific<00:42:45.140> area,<00:42:45.943> you<00:42:46.024> know.

00:42:46.120 --> 00:42:54.112
And<00:42:46.200> even<00:42:46.505> things<00:42:46.810> like,<00:42:47.131> um,<00:42:48.657> uh,<00:42:48.994> with<00:42:49.138> work,<00:42:50.038> I<00:42:50.198> don't<00:42:51.306> invest<00:42:52.188> in<00:42:52.509> anything<00:42:53.567> consumer.

00:42:54.369 --> 00:42:56.823
I<00:42:54.385> don't<00:42:54.610> invest<00:42:54.946> in<00:42:55.155> anything<00:42:55.716> except<00:42:56.277> AI,<00:42:56.534> really.

00:42:57.961 --> 00:43:03.959
Now,<00:42:58.218> AI<00:42:58.378> covers<00:42:58.859> a<00:42:58.940> lot,<00:42:59.260> but<00:42:59.966> again,<00:43:00.607> it's<00:43:00.784> a<00:43:00.848> lot<00:43:01.089> about<00:43:01.329> what<00:43:01.489> you<00:43:01.586> don't<00:43:01.938> do,<00:43:02.853> and<00:43:03.109> that<00:43:03.334> is<00:43:03.430> strategy.

00:43:04.232 --> 00:43:06.124
Strategy<00:43:04.793> is<00:43:04.953> about<00:43:05.178> picking<00:43:05.515> what<00:43:05.739> you<00:43:05.787> don't<00:43:05.996> do.

00:43:07.279 --> 00:43:15.137
Michael<00:43:07.584> Porter<00:43:07.776> said<00:43:08.017> that,<00:43:08.209> a<00:43:08.241> lot<00:43:08.305> of<00:43:08.337> people<00:43:08.626> said<00:43:08.802> that,<00:43:09.043> and<00:43:09.668> I<00:43:09.684> think<00:43:09.925> people<00:43:10.246> think<00:43:10.502> about<00:43:10.711> strategy<00:43:11.192> a<00:43:11.208> lot<00:43:11.368> at<00:43:11.513> work,<00:43:11.769> but<00:43:11.914> remarkably,<00:43:12.555> people<00:43:12.796> don't<00:43:13.036> think<00:43:13.196> about<00:43:13.373> strategy<00:43:13.774> a<00:43:13.854> lot<00:43:14.014> in<00:43:14.095> their<00:43:14.255> own<00:43:14.399> personal<00:43:14.816> life.

00:43:17.608 --> 00:43:18.716
You<00:43:17.640> know,<00:43:18.170> that's<00:43:18.411> fine.

00:43:18.973 --> 00:43:23.102
Like,<00:43:19.214> you<00:43:19.375> can<00:43:19.551> roll<00:43:19.776> through<00:43:20.033> things,<00:43:21.142> um,<00:43:21.544> that's<00:43:22.363> totally<00:43:22.909> fine.

00:43:23.247 --> 00:43:31.353
But<00:43:23.552> I've<00:43:23.664> just<00:43:23.953> got<00:43:24.837> a<00:43:24.853> lot<00:43:25.014> of<00:43:25.174> joy<00:43:25.496> out<00:43:25.721> of,<00:43:25.962> um,<00:43:26.910> setting<00:43:27.087> a<00:43:27.103> strategy<00:43:27.734> and,<00:43:28.073> and<00:43:28.218> like<00:43:28.477> really<00:43:28.784> having<00:43:29.043> an<00:43:29.123> impact<00:43:29.673> in<00:43:30.400> very,<00:43:30.562> very<00:43:30.755> small<00:43:31.127> ways.

00:43:32.177 --> 00:43:35.506
And,<00:43:32.824> uh,<00:43:33.309> I,<00:43:33.486> I<00:43:33.632> can—<00:43:33.987> so<00:43:34.052> I'm<00:43:34.294> continuing<00:43:34.941> to<00:43:35.086> do<00:43:35.264> that.

00:43:37.524 --> 00:43:39.586
What<00:43:37.669> is<00:43:37.766> your<00:43:38.233> thinking<00:43:38.571> behind<00:43:38.845> not<00:43:39.135> reading<00:43:39.377> news?

00:43:39.635 --> 00:43:40.408
I'm<00:43:39.780> fascinated<00:43:40.182> by<00:43:40.263> that.

00:43:40.488 --> 00:43:47.145
I<00:43:40.569> think,<00:43:40.811> I<00:43:40.907> think<00:43:41.068> I<00:43:41.085> understand<00:43:41.536> the<00:43:41.616> TV<00:43:41.955> one,<00:43:42.277> definitely<00:43:42.535> understand<00:43:42.921> the<00:43:43.000> Sports<00:43:43.498> one,<00:43:44.237> you're<00:43:44.365> either<00:43:44.542> kind<00:43:44.719> of<00:43:44.751> like<00:43:44.960> all<00:43:45.184> in<00:43:45.281> on<00:43:45.425> that<00:43:46.004> at<00:43:46.084> our<00:43:46.309> age<00:43:46.422> or<00:43:46.486> you're<00:43:46.743> not.

00:43:47.530 --> 00:43:50.454
But,<00:43:47.835> um,<00:43:49.137> what,<00:43:49.442> what<00:43:49.538> about<00:43:49.699> the<00:43:49.779> news<00:43:50.326> one?

00:43:51.065 --> 00:43:51.916
That,<00:43:51.290> that's<00:43:51.531> fascinating.

00:43:52.013 --> 00:43:53.396
Yeah,<00:43:52.157> that<00:43:52.270> would<00:43:52.430> be<00:43:52.511> hard<00:43:52.720> for<00:43:52.800> me<00:43:52.913> to<00:43:53.058> give<00:43:53.235> up.

00:43:55.152 --> 00:43:56.021
A<00:43:55.248> lot<00:43:55.409> of<00:43:55.490> reasons.

00:43:56.359 --> 00:44:01.175
Um,<00:43:57.423> so<00:43:58.469> it<00:43:58.550> started<00:43:59.275> with<00:43:59.452> sort<00:43:59.677> of<00:43:59.822> an<00:43:59.919> economic<00:44:00.499> analysis.

00:44:01.449 --> 00:44:15.447
I<00:44:01.546> mean,<00:44:01.691> very<00:44:01.820> basic,<00:44:02.336> and<00:44:02.578> I<00:44:02.642> want<00:44:02.723> to<00:44:02.804> make<00:44:02.981> it<00:44:03.062> sound<00:44:03.207> like<00:44:03.465> I<00:44:03.610> did<00:44:03.723> some<00:44:03.949> extensive<00:44:04.756> research<00:44:05.159> project<00:44:05.563> on<00:44:05.627> this,<00:44:05.885> but,<00:44:06.692> you<00:44:06.773> know,<00:44:06.918> it<00:44:07.096> became<00:44:07.499> clear<00:44:07.773> to<00:44:07.838> me<00:44:08.064> around<00:44:08.564> 2000<00:44:11.088> early<00:44:11.200> 2000s<00:44:11.889> to<00:44:11.985> 2010<00:44:12.771> that<00:44:13.043> the<00:44:13.267> way<00:44:13.428> journalists<00:44:13.973> were<00:44:14.053> getting<00:44:14.213> incentivized<00:44:14.854> was<00:44:15.030> changing.

00:44:16.088 --> 00:44:22.852
So<00:44:16.457> they<00:44:16.553> were<00:44:16.649> getting<00:44:17.114> paid,<00:44:18.060> not<00:44:18.236> at<00:44:18.316> every<00:44:18.492> news<00:44:18.733> outlet<00:44:18.973> of<00:44:19.197> course,<00:44:19.518> but<00:44:19.614> a<00:44:19.678> lot<00:44:19.806> of<00:44:19.839> the<00:44:19.935> news<00:44:20.223> outlets<00:44:20.704> by<00:44:20.800> the<00:44:21.441> amount<00:44:21.602> of<00:44:21.746> clicks<00:44:22.002> they<00:44:22.162> got<00:44:22.387> basically.

00:44:23.509 --> 00:44:27.051
And<00:44:23.861> so<00:44:24.150> they'd<00:44:24.470> write<00:44:24.807> clickbait,<00:44:26.009> the<00:44:26.105> word<00:44:26.314> we<00:44:26.474> use<00:44:26.714> for<00:44:26.794> it<00:44:26.955> now.

00:44:28.253 --> 00:44:38.638
But<00:44:28.477> generically,<00:44:29.295> they'd<00:44:29.455> write<00:44:29.679> articles<00:44:30.160> that<00:44:30.737> get<00:44:30.961> people's<00:44:31.378> attention<00:44:32.500> for<00:44:32.724> just<00:44:33.061> long<00:44:33.157> enough<00:44:33.398> to<00:44:33.606> click<00:44:33.846> on<00:44:33.942> it,<00:44:34.584> and<00:44:34.664> then<00:44:35.144> the<00:44:35.241> rest<00:44:35.481> of<00:44:35.545> the<00:44:35.625> article<00:44:36.026> didn't<00:44:36.234> even<00:44:36.411> have<00:44:36.571> to<00:44:36.667> be<00:44:36.747> that<00:44:36.907> good<00:44:37.228> because<00:44:37.340> the<00:44:37.468> journalist<00:44:37.853> was<00:44:37.933> paid<00:44:38.254> at<00:44:38.334> that<00:44:38.510> point.

00:44:38.735 --> 00:44:39.247
They<00:44:38.767> didn't<00:44:39.199> care.

00:44:39.811 --> 00:44:45.067
So<00:44:40.071> just<00:44:40.395> like<00:44:40.558> the<00:44:40.703> incentives<00:44:41.271> change<00:44:41.612> in<00:44:41.693> the<00:44:41.774> industry<00:44:42.261> and<00:44:42.407> that<00:44:42.585> changed<00:44:42.829> what<00:44:42.991> content<00:44:43.202> was<00:44:43.478> getting<00:44:43.656> produced,<00:44:44.126> and<00:44:44.451> I<00:44:44.516> thought<00:44:44.597> it<00:44:44.759> was<00:44:44.921> worse.

00:44:45.880 --> 00:44:46.510
Um,<00:44:45.960> so<00:44:45.993> that's<00:44:46.138> one<00:44:46.316> thing.

00:44:47.125 --> 00:44:55.656
Secondly,<00:44:47.691> I<00:44:47.788> just<00:44:47.933> started<00:44:48.241> thinking<00:44:48.596> about,<00:44:48.888> you<00:44:48.985> know,<00:44:49.583> okay,<00:44:49.858> I<00:44:49.874> can<00:44:49.987> do<00:44:50.343> a<00:44:50.602> million<00:44:50.990> things<00:44:51.313> in<00:44:51.394> life,<00:44:51.879> but<00:44:52.057> you<00:44:52.704> know,<00:44:54.153> where<00:44:54.298> will<00:44:54.395> I<00:44:54.476> actually<00:44:54.864> have<00:44:54.977> any<00:44:55.204> impact?

00:44:55.769 --> 00:45:04.066
And<00:44:55.850> the<00:44:55.931> reality<00:44:56.400> is<00:44:56.562> you<00:44:56.659> can<00:44:56.820> only<00:44:57.047> really<00:44:57.289> have<00:44:57.451> impact<00:44:57.855> very,<00:44:58.098> very<00:44:58.340> locally,<00:44:59.326> that<00:44:59.472> is<00:44:59.634> on<00:44:59.892> your<00:44:59.973> friends,<00:45:00.297> the<00:45:00.458> family,<00:45:00.943> your<00:45:01.024> family,<00:45:01.493> the<00:45:01.541> people<00:45:01.735> you<00:45:01.833> work<00:45:02.075> with,<00:45:02.237> um,<00:45:03.110> and<00:45:03.530> that's<00:45:03.660> about<00:45:03.871> it.

00:45:04.164 --> 00:45:12.520
Like,<00:45:04.506> you<00:45:04.571> know,<00:45:04.734> trying<00:45:05.027> to<00:45:05.141> impact<00:45:05.482> something<00:45:06.190> on<00:45:06.630> the<00:45:06.770> other<00:45:06.970> side<00:45:07.250> of<00:45:07.330> the<00:45:07.410> planet,<00:45:08.310> uh,<00:45:08.930> has<00:45:09.010> nothing<00:45:09.350> to<00:45:09.590> do<00:45:09.730> with<00:45:09.930> any<00:45:10.170> of<00:45:10.310> your<00:45:10.470> expertise,<00:45:11.410> anything<00:45:11.550> you<00:45:11.750> know<00:45:11.970> about.

00:45:12.850 --> 00:45:14.210
I<00:45:12.950> mean,<00:45:13.150> it's<00:45:13.210> just<00:45:13.330> not<00:45:13.490> going<00:45:13.670> to<00:45:13.810> happen.

00:45:14.229 --> 00:45:16.200
Like,<00:45:14.470> you're<00:45:14.530> not<00:45:14.630> going<00:45:14.770> to<00:45:14.890> really<00:45:15.150> have<00:45:15.370> any<00:45:15.510> positive<00:45:15.850> impact.

00:45:16.390 --> 00:45:31.390
If<00:45:16.410> anything,<00:45:16.950> you're<00:45:17.050> going<00:45:17.090> to<00:45:17.290> be—<00:45:17.830> at<00:45:18.130> worst,<00:45:18.630> you're<00:45:18.790> going<00:45:18.791> to<00:45:18.930> just<00:45:19.210> pontificate,<00:45:20.270> and<00:45:20.410> at<00:45:20.530> best,<00:45:20.970> you're<00:45:21.110> going<00:45:21.111> to<00:45:21.350> be<00:45:21.470> a<00:45:21.690> pest,<00:45:22.070> um,<00:45:23.490> if<00:45:23.610> you<00:45:23.750> try<00:45:23.970> to<00:45:24.430> get<00:45:24.950> involved<00:45:25.350> in<00:45:25.730> some<00:45:26.070> problem<00:45:26.450> on<00:45:26.610> the<00:45:26.730> other<00:45:26.930> side<00:45:27.110> of<00:45:27.250> the<00:45:27.370> planet<00:45:27.510> that<00:45:27.690> you<00:45:27.790> know<00:45:27.930> nothing<00:45:28.250> about<00:45:28.490> solving,<00:45:29.470> or<00:45:29.590> you<00:45:29.670> know<00:45:29.810> nothing<00:45:30.030> about<00:45:30.350> relevant<00:45:30.750> to<00:45:30.890> solving<00:45:31.170> it.

00:45:31.390 --> 00:45:34.461
So<00:45:32.289> or<00:45:32.354> you<00:45:32.434> don't<00:45:32.643> have<00:45:32.756> the<00:45:32.820> resources<00:45:33.705> to<00:45:33.801> solve<00:45:33.978> it<00:45:34.107> or<00:45:34.187> whatever.

00:45:34.927 --> 00:45:39.817
So<00:45:35.008> I<00:45:35.088> just<00:45:35.490> focus<00:45:35.957> ultra-locally,<00:45:37.002> um,<00:45:37.179> and<00:45:37.260> that<00:45:37.485> means,<00:45:37.887> you<00:45:37.967> know,<00:45:38.128> not<00:45:38.305> reading<00:45:38.643> about<00:45:38.868> things<00:45:39.254> that<00:45:39.302> don't<00:45:39.415> affect<00:45:39.672> you.

00:45:40.541 --> 00:45:44.853
Um,<00:45:41.023> the<00:45:41.056> third<00:45:41.281> thing<00:45:41.507> is<00:45:41.668> like,<00:45:41.846> there's,<00:45:42.396> there's<00:45:42.590> a<00:45:42.735> bit<00:45:42.881> of<00:45:42.962> a<00:45:43.059> mental<00:45:43.705> health<00:45:44.029> aspect<00:45:44.433> to<00:45:44.530> this.

00:45:45.064 --> 00:45:54.514
Um,<00:45:45.549> yeah,<00:45:46.438> there's,<00:45:47.909> there<00:45:48.039> are<00:45:48.071> varying<00:45:48.459> degrees<00:45:48.976> of<00:45:49.090> responsibility,<00:45:50.882> uh,<00:45:51.221> around<00:45:51.624> various<00:45:52.044> news<00:45:52.270> outlets<00:45:52.674> and<00:45:52.900> journalists<00:45:53.400> and<00:45:53.545> what<00:45:53.707> they<00:45:53.868> write<00:45:54.046> about.

00:45:55.095 --> 00:45:57.969
You<00:45:55.176> know,<00:45:55.337> censorship<00:45:56.144> has<00:45:56.371> changed<00:45:56.790> a<00:45:56.952> lot<00:45:57.339> over<00:45:57.517> the<00:45:57.662> years.

00:46:00.571 --> 00:46:10.577
Information<00:46:01.213> flows<00:46:01.759> used<00:46:02.000> to<00:46:02.096> be<00:46:02.241> controlled<00:46:02.739> in<00:46:02.883> very<00:46:03.060> different<00:46:03.381> ways<00:46:03.783> that<00:46:03.943> were<00:46:04.088> arguably<00:46:04.586> better<00:46:05.453> for<00:46:06.931> the<00:46:07.140> aggregate<00:46:07.557> mental<00:46:07.879> health<00:46:08.136> of<00:46:08.216> society<00:46:09.003> and<00:46:09.324> even<00:46:09.485> the<00:46:09.645> median<00:46:10.031> mental<00:46:10.288> health.

00:46:11.412 --> 00:46:20.294
There's<00:46:11.798> a<00:46:11.814> lot<00:46:11.878> of<00:46:12.038> horrible<00:46:12.392> stuff<00:46:12.777> out<00:46:13.002> there<00:46:13.259> that<00:46:15.845> is<00:46:15.925> sometimes<00:46:16.536> important<00:46:17.018> to<00:46:17.114> know,<00:46:17.580> but<00:46:17.901> communicated<00:46:18.479> in<00:46:18.704> a<00:46:18.784> way<00:46:19.041> where<00:46:19.186> it<00:46:19.314> can<00:46:19.427> be<00:46:19.523> very<00:46:19.748> distressing.

00:46:20.953 --> 00:46:23.474
And<00:46:21.033> in<00:46:21.129> other<00:46:21.306> times,<00:46:21.659> it's<00:46:21.756> just<00:46:21.916> not<00:46:22.157> important<00:46:22.639> for<00:46:22.800> anyone<00:46:23.137> to<00:46:23.282> know.

00:46:23.763 --> 00:46:28.725
No<00:46:23.924> one<00:46:24.053> needs<00:46:24.213> to<00:46:24.326> know<00:46:24.518> about,<00:46:25.385> because<00:46:25.642> it<00:46:25.706> propagates<00:46:26.268> stuff<00:46:26.670> that<00:46:27.537> really<00:46:27.730> shouldn't<00:46:28.035> be<00:46:28.115> propagated.

00:46:29.416 --> 00:46:30.539
So<00:46:29.721> I<00:46:29.769> won't<00:46:29.881> go<00:46:29.961> into<00:46:30.186> detail.

00:46:30.604 --> 00:46:31.358
It's<00:46:30.828> sort<00:46:30.989> of<00:46:31.069> obvious.

00:46:31.808 --> 00:46:33.927
So<00:46:32.033> there's<00:46:32.354> a<00:46:32.434> bit<00:46:32.547> of<00:46:32.675> a<00:46:32.691> mental<00:46:33.012> health<00:46:33.253> aspect<00:46:33.654> to<00:46:33.751> this.

00:46:34.522 --> 00:46:41.972
And<00:46:34.939> then<00:46:35.100> finally,<00:46:36.207> fourthly,<00:46:37.091> it's<00:46:37.412> selfish,<00:46:37.909> but<00:46:38.793> you've<00:46:39.017> just<00:46:39.194> got<00:46:39.355> to<00:46:40.238> be<00:46:40.382> a<00:46:40.398> bit<00:46:40.639> brutal<00:46:40.944> with<00:46:41.040> your<00:46:41.201> time<00:46:41.442> sometimes.

00:46:42.710 --> 00:46:56.261
And<00:46:43.288> look,<00:46:43.529> it<00:46:43.674> might<00:46:43.995> be<00:46:44.172> good<00:46:44.814> to<00:46:45.536> know<00:46:45.777> a<00:46:45.922> little<00:46:46.098> bit<00:46:46.323> more<00:46:46.580> about<00:46:46.805> what's<00:46:47.046> going<00:46:47.367> on,<00:46:48.346> but<00:46:50.337> if<00:46:50.498> you're<00:46:50.594> going<00:46:50.787> to<00:46:50.899> have<00:46:51.076> an<00:46:51.220> impact,<00:46:51.782> like,<00:46:51.943> the<00:46:52.023> reality<00:46:52.585> is<00:46:52.745> you<00:46:52.842> just<00:46:52.986> have<00:46:53.083> to<00:46:53.227> focus<00:46:53.709> on<00:46:53.741> something<00:46:54.303> for<00:46:54.511> longer<00:46:54.752> than<00:46:54.945> anyone<00:46:55.250> else<00:46:55.491> focuses<00:46:56.037> on<00:46:56.213> it.

00:46:57.080 --> 00:47:04.305
And<00:46:57.401> you<00:46:57.481> can't<00:46:57.738> do<00:46:57.915> that<00:46:58.204> if<00:46:58.364> you're,<00:46:58.926> you're<00:46:59.264> reading<00:46:59.488> every<00:47:00.211> release<00:47:00.708> by<00:47:01.656> every<00:47:01.913> agency<00:47:02.539> and<00:47:02.619> every<00:47:02.876> company<00:47:03.438> and<00:47:03.662> whatever<00:47:04.064> else.

00:47:04.706 --> 00:47:05.942
Um,<00:47:05.830> yeah.

00:47:05.990 --> 00:47:07.660
And<00:47:06.151> then<00:47:06.263> the<00:47:06.328> last<00:47:06.633> thing<00:47:06.745> is<00:47:06.889> it's<00:47:07.050> the<00:47:07.130> volume<00:47:07.532> thing.

00:47:07.917 --> 00:47:09.282
Like,<00:47:08.029> it<00:47:08.094> goes<00:47:08.318> back<00:47:08.495> to<00:47:08.575> the<00:47:08.655> data<00:47:08.912> problem.

00:47:09.442 --> 00:47:20.928
Like,<00:47:09.715> it<00:47:10.165> used<00:47:10.405> to<00:47:10.437> be<00:47:10.582> the<00:47:10.662> case<00:47:11.128> that,<00:47:12.332> you<00:47:12.428> know,<00:47:12.589> there<00:47:12.749> were<00:47:13.135> only<00:47:13.392> so<00:47:13.713> many<00:47:14.756> news<00:47:15.222> outlets<00:47:16.024> and<00:47:16.826> you<00:47:16.922> could<00:47:17.163> consume<00:47:18.108> pretty<00:47:18.509> much<00:47:18.765> all<00:47:19.006> the<00:47:19.086> news,<00:47:19.727> you<00:47:19.807> know,<00:47:20.111> over<00:47:20.352> breakfast.

00:47:21.073 --> 00:47:30.399
All<00:47:21.105> the<00:47:21.185> news<00:47:21.425> that<00:47:21.569> there<00:47:21.794> was,<00:47:22.435> all<00:47:22.515> the<00:47:22.691> news<00:47:23.076> that<00:47:23.653> you<00:47:23.749> needed<00:47:24.117> to<00:47:24.213> consume<00:47:24.999> to<00:47:25.095> be<00:47:25.399> as<00:47:25.640> informed<00:47:26.457> as<00:47:26.697> anyone<00:47:27.258> else,<00:47:28.284> you<00:47:28.524> could<00:47:28.620> pretty<00:47:28.860> much<00:47:29.085> consume<00:47:29.485> that<00:47:29.581> over<00:47:29.822> breakfast.

00:47:31.024 --> 00:47:38.042
Now,<00:47:31.568> to<00:47:31.665> be<00:47:32.209> as<00:47:32.386> informed<00:47:33.171> as<00:47:34.068> a<00:47:34.212> lot<00:47:34.389> of<00:47:34.533> other<00:47:34.709> people,<00:47:36.376> you're<00:47:36.536> basically<00:47:37.033> reading<00:47:37.417> the<00:47:37.497> news<00:47:37.674> all<00:47:37.706> day<00:47:37.930> long.

00:47:38.379 --> 00:47:40.286
Like,<00:47:38.539> that's<00:47:38.795> it,<00:47:39.180> because<00:47:39.372> a<00:47:39.388> lot<00:47:39.500> of<00:47:39.613> people<00:47:39.901> do<00:47:40.061> that.

00:47:41.023 --> 00:47:46.541
Um,<00:47:41.680> and<00:47:41.840> so<00:47:42.144> the<00:47:42.257> sort<00:47:42.545> of<00:47:43.058> I<00:47:43.122> think<00:47:43.283> the<00:47:43.443> expectations<00:47:44.728> are<00:47:44.872> very<00:47:45.193> unrealistic<00:47:46.012> at<00:47:46.092> this<00:47:46.333> point.

00:47:47.199 --> 00:47:56.236
Um,<00:47:47.938> and<00:47:48.114> so<00:47:48.724> I<00:47:48.821> just,<00:47:49.543> I<00:47:49.623> found<00:47:49.864> it,<00:47:50.265> uh,<00:47:50.586> I<00:47:51.068> sort<00:47:51.886> of<00:47:52.031> gave<00:47:52.095> up<00:47:52.256> on<00:47:52.336> that,<00:47:52.994> like<00:47:53.219> trying<00:47:53.813> to<00:47:53.877> be<00:47:54.439> as<00:47:54.599> informed<00:47:55.321> as<00:47:55.402> a<00:47:55.418> lot<00:47:55.626> of<00:47:55.723> other<00:47:55.947> people.

00:47:56.991 --> 00:48:00.378
Um,<00:47:57.408> because<00:47:58.130> it's<00:47:58.516> really<00:47:58.676> hard<00:47:59.013> with<00:47:59.158> the<00:47:59.238> volume<00:47:59.800> that<00:48:00.040> we<00:48:00.121> have.

00:48:01.405 --> 00:48:01.838
Yeah,<00:48:01.581> for<00:48:01.742> sure.

00:48:01.886 --> 00:48:03.074
I<00:48:01.967> want<00:48:02.047> to<00:48:02.127> be<00:48:02.159> super<00:48:02.448> respectful<00:48:02.769> of<00:48:02.801> your<00:48:02.946> time.

00:48:03.122 --> 00:48:04.326
I<00:48:03.170> have<00:48:03.331> 3<00:48:03.491> more<00:48:03.668> questions.

00:48:04.888 --> 00:48:05.755
I'm<00:48:05.129> fascinated.

00:48:06.220 --> 00:48:09.061
Uh,<00:48:07.264> one<00:48:07.601> is<00:48:07.841> pretty<00:48:08.002> simple,<00:48:08.227> like<00:48:08.387> what<00:48:08.564> do<00:48:08.788> you<00:48:08.885> read?

00:48:09.125 --> 00:48:09.880
Do<00:48:09.174> you<00:48:09.270> read<00:48:09.511> fiction?

00:48:10.249 --> 00:48:14.346
Do<00:48:10.329> you<00:48:10.554> read<00:48:11.598> Um,<00:48:12.498> like,<00:48:12.819> what,<00:48:13.044> what<00:48:13.157> are<00:48:13.205> you<00:48:13.366> reading<00:48:14.024> day<00:48:14.185> to<00:48:14.265> day?

00:48:14.812 --> 00:48:23.441
Yeah,<00:48:15.085> so<00:48:15.551> I<00:48:16.017> try<00:48:16.338> to<00:48:16.579> chunk<00:48:17.013> my<00:48:17.302> reading<00:48:17.865> in<00:48:18.186> areas,<00:48:19.873> and<00:48:20.066> I'll<00:48:21.416> read<00:48:21.802> lots<00:48:21.994> of<00:48:22.123> different<00:48:22.444> things<00:48:22.782> in<00:48:22.862> those<00:48:23.167> areas.

00:48:23.521 --> 00:48:34.207
So<00:48:24.485> I'm<00:48:24.614> interested<00:48:24.871> in<00:48:25.015> intelligent<00:48:25.530> systems,<00:48:26.478> AI,<00:48:27.281> investing—<00:48:27.924> like<00:48:28.085> the<00:48:28.245> craft<00:48:28.727> of<00:48:29.129> investing<00:48:29.756> and<00:48:29.852> understanding<00:48:30.961> how<00:48:31.073> to<00:48:31.395> manage<00:48:31.700> risk<00:48:31.941> and<00:48:32.005> make<00:48:32.166> good<00:48:32.246> decisions—<00:48:33.066> and<00:48:33.130> then<00:48:33.387> Italian<00:48:33.853> culture.

00:48:34.351 --> 00:48:36.649
And<00:48:34.432> it's,<00:48:34.833> yeah,<00:48:35.058> that<00:48:35.171> it's<00:48:35.460> alliterative,<00:48:35.958> 3<00:48:36.360> I's.

00:48:37.100 --> 00:48:39.400
So<00:48:37.650> I<00:48:37.770> only<00:48:37.990> read<00:48:38.270> things<00:48:38.470> in<00:48:38.630> those<00:48:38.850> areas.

00:48:39.550 --> 00:48:40.960
Now,<00:48:39.870> they<00:48:40.050> can<00:48:40.190> be<00:48:40.350> pretty<00:48:40.510> broad.

00:48:41.070 --> 00:48:46.750
Like,<00:48:41.210> for<00:48:41.250> example,<00:48:41.730> I<00:48:41.810> consider<00:48:42.230> a<00:48:42.530> neurophilosophy<00:48:43.150> book<00:48:43.790> or<00:48:44.090> a<00:48:44.230> neuroscience<00:48:44.630> book<00:48:45.090> to<00:48:45.310> fit<00:48:45.530> under<00:48:45.870> intelligent<00:48:46.190> systems.

00:48:46.750 --> 00:48:50.740
And<00:48:46.890> I'd<00:48:47.070> also<00:48:47.270> consider<00:48:47.770> some<00:48:48.670> computer<00:48:49.050> science<00:48:49.310> stuff<00:48:49.570> to<00:48:49.690> fit<00:48:49.850> under<00:48:50.090> that.

00:48:50.850 --> 00:48:55.050
You<00:48:50.870> know,<00:48:51.150> Italian<00:48:51.330> culture<00:48:51.730> can<00:48:51.910> encompass<00:48:52.250> a<00:48:52.370> lot<00:48:52.530> of<00:48:52.610> different<00:48:52.830> stuff,<00:48:53.330> language<00:48:53.430> and<00:48:53.630> history<00:48:53.910> and<00:48:54.070> all<00:48:54.170> sorts<00:48:54.330> of<00:48:54.550> stuff.

00:48:55.870 --> 00:48:59.590
And<00:48:55.970> investing<00:48:56.410> can<00:48:56.650> encompass,<00:48:57.210> you<00:48:57.330> know,<00:48:57.510> economics,<00:48:58.230> economic<00:48:58.490> history.

00:48:59.590 --> 00:49:02.990
So<00:48:59.630> look,<00:49:00.030> you<00:49:00.110> know,<00:49:00.510> in<00:49:00.530> a<00:49:00.710> sense<00:49:00.850> it<00:49:01.010> seems<00:49:01.250> narrow,<00:49:01.810> but<00:49:01.850> it's<00:49:02.050> actually<00:49:02.290> fairly<00:49:02.610> broad.

00:49:03.473 --> 00:49:04.212
What<00:49:03.698> do<00:49:03.859> I<00:49:03.955> read?

00:49:04.261 --> 00:49:07.136
I<00:49:04.357> mean,<00:49:04.662> I<00:49:04.678> try<00:49:05.000> to<00:49:05.144> pretty<00:49:05.337> much<00:49:05.626> just<00:49:05.803> read<00:49:06.044> books<00:49:06.285> and<00:49:06.429> research<00:49:06.831> papers.

00:49:08.116 --> 00:49:08.598
That's<00:49:08.374> it.

00:49:08.775 --> 00:49:10.912
Like<00:49:09.257> full-length<00:49:09.723> books<00:49:10.060> and<00:49:10.205> research<00:49:10.542> papers.

00:49:11.506 --> 00:49:13.306
Huge<00:49:12.470> downsides<00:49:13.097> to<00:49:13.129> that.

00:49:13.499 --> 00:49:17.901
There<00:49:13.579> are<00:49:13.691> a<00:49:13.740> lot<00:49:13.916> of<00:49:13.981> books<00:49:14.318> that<00:49:14.479> are<00:49:15.266> way<00:49:15.427> longer<00:49:15.668> than<00:49:15.828> they<00:49:15.860> need<00:49:16.085> to<00:49:16.166> be<00:49:16.712> and<00:49:17.033> that<00:49:17.146> aren't<00:49:17.290> very<00:49:17.515> well<00:49:17.628> written.

00:49:18.479 --> 00:49:21.355
And<00:49:19.282> keeping<00:49:19.604> up<00:49:19.700> with<00:49:20.022> research<00:49:20.600> is<00:49:20.745> very<00:49:20.986> hard.

00:49:22.415 --> 00:49:24.247
You<00:49:22.496> have<00:49:22.656> to<00:49:22.753> be<00:49:22.833> a<00:49:22.913> very<00:49:23.074> discerning<00:49:23.636> consumer.

00:49:25.339 --> 00:49:27.219
So<00:49:25.548> look,<00:49:25.693> it's<00:49:25.870> not<00:49:25.966> the<00:49:26.111> best<00:49:26.352> way<00:49:26.593> to<00:49:26.689> consume.

00:49:27.316 --> 00:49:30.849
They're<00:49:27.653> not<00:49:27.814> the<00:49:27.894> best<00:49:28.151> two<00:49:28.376> media<00:49:28.713> types<00:49:29.099> to<00:49:29.260> pick,<00:49:29.565> but<00:49:30.143> that<00:49:30.223> is<00:49:30.368> what<00:49:30.464> I<00:49:30.625> pick.

00:49:31.171 --> 00:49:36.661
Um,<00:49:32.070> sure,<00:49:32.471> I<00:49:32.712> listen<00:49:33.900> to<00:49:34.060> the<00:49:34.221> odd<00:49:34.317> podcast,<00:49:34.879> but<00:49:35.104> really<00:49:35.682> very,<00:49:36.067> very<00:49:36.308> few.

00:49:37.031 --> 00:49:40.739
Um,<00:49:38.572> you<00:49:38.732> know,<00:49:38.893> maybe<00:49:39.278> one<00:49:39.471> a<00:49:39.535> week<00:49:39.856> or<00:49:39.937> something<00:49:40.322> like<00:49:40.563> that.

00:49:40.820 --> 00:49:46.840
But,<00:49:41.606> uh,<00:49:41.767> yeah,<00:49:42.265> it's—<00:49:42.730> so<00:49:43.453> areas,<00:49:44.255> um,<00:49:44.673> two—<00:49:45.058> only<00:49:45.315> really<00:49:45.636> two<00:49:45.957> media<00:49:46.359> types.

00:49:47.627 --> 00:50:04.741
Um,<00:49:48.028> and<00:49:48.189> then<00:49:49.248> I<00:49:49.329> try<00:49:49.650> to<00:49:49.730> chunk<00:49:50.132> it,<00:49:50.308> so<00:49:50.437> I<00:49:50.613> try<00:49:50.854> to,<00:49:51.737> you<00:49:51.833> know,<00:49:51.898> within<00:49:52.283> those<00:49:52.540> areas<00:49:53.423> read<00:49:53.824> two<00:49:54.065> or<00:49:54.129> three<00:49:54.386> things,<00:49:55.173> maybe<00:49:55.590> a<00:49:55.671> book<00:49:56.537> and<00:49:56.618> a,<00:49:57.581> a,<00:49:58.544> a<00:49:58.865> research<00:49:59.283> paper<00:50:00.326> and<00:50:00.407> then<00:50:00.567> like<00:50:01.049> make<00:50:01.209> friends<00:50:01.611> with<00:50:01.707> someone<00:50:02.173> who's<00:50:02.333> an<00:50:02.478> expert<00:50:02.895> in<00:50:03.120> an<00:50:03.216> area<00:50:04.003> at<00:50:04.083> the<00:50:04.163> same<00:50:04.420> time.

00:50:05.159 --> 00:50:24.860
So<00:50:05.865> like<00:50:06.347> I'll<00:50:06.668> read<00:50:07.053> all<00:50:07.150> about<00:50:08.177> a<00:50:08.354> particular<00:50:08.996> type<00:50:09.317> of<00:50:09.381> the<00:50:09.477> brain<00:50:10.104> or<00:50:10.264> a<00:50:10.344> particular,<00:50:11.548> um,<00:50:12.191> neurological<00:50:12.769> disorder<00:50:13.411> like<00:50:13.796> all<00:50:13.860> at<00:50:14.037> once<00:50:14.615> in<00:50:14.695> like<00:50:14.872> a<00:50:14.936> 1-month<00:50:15.482> period,<00:50:16.606> or<00:50:16.782> I'll<00:50:17.762> read<00:50:17.986> all<00:50:18.131> about<00:50:18.741> a<00:50:18.773> particular<00:50:19.255> period<00:50:19.512> of<00:50:19.656> economic<00:50:19.993> history<00:50:21.101> or<00:50:21.133> like<00:50:21.342> a<00:50:21.422> particular,<00:50:22.064> you<00:50:22.241> know,<00:50:22.707> market<00:50:23.044> phenomenon,<00:50:24.233> you<00:50:24.329> know,<00:50:24.570> all<00:50:24.619> at<00:50:24.651> once.

00:50:24.908 --> 00:50:32.420
I'll<00:50:25.052> pick<00:50:25.293> two,<00:50:25.679> two<00:50:25.856> good<00:50:26.016> books<00:50:26.482> and<00:50:26.563> like<00:50:26.836> read<00:50:27.061> one<00:50:27.366> good<00:50:27.768> essay<00:50:28.025> about<00:50:28.410> it<00:50:28.587> and<00:50:28.732> then<00:50:28.892> call<00:50:29.085> someone<00:50:29.374> I<00:50:29.615> know<00:50:29.873> who's<00:50:30.049> an<00:50:30.114> expert<00:50:30.355> in<00:50:30.499> that<00:50:30.596> area<00:50:30.756> about<00:50:31.078> it,<00:50:31.704> all<00:50:31.785> in<00:50:31.881> the<00:50:32.010> same<00:50:32.206> month.

00:50:32.945 --> 00:50:35.964
So<00:50:33.027> I<00:50:33.092> try<00:50:33.273> to<00:50:33.371> sort<00:50:33.617> of<00:50:33.831> chunk<00:50:34.274> little<00:50:34.750> subtopics<00:50:35.570> together.

00:50:37.530 --> 00:50:42.327
Within<00:50:37.660> your<00:50:37.806> answer<00:50:38.050> to<00:50:38.115> that<00:50:38.294> question,<00:50:38.847> you<00:50:38.928> touched<00:50:39.253> on<00:50:39.351> my<00:50:39.530> second<00:50:40.001> question,<00:50:41.302> which<00:50:41.546> is<00:50:41.774> why<00:50:42.018> Italy?

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Ah,<00:50:45.676> lots<00:50:45.857> of<00:50:45.939> reasons.

00:50:46.564 --> 00:51:02.177
Um,<00:50:47.485> the<00:50:47.568> first<00:50:48.143> is<00:50:49.789> I<00:50:50.832> really<00:50:51.088> appreciate<00:50:51.634> the<00:50:51.730> sense<00:50:52.051> of<00:50:52.115> charity<00:50:52.838> and<00:50:53.094> the<00:50:53.255> care<00:50:54.234> for<00:50:54.940> the<00:50:55.084> weak<00:50:55.341> here,<00:50:56.464> whether<00:50:56.705> that's<00:50:56.946> people<00:50:57.250> with<00:50:57.411> physical<00:50:57.892> or<00:50:58.470> mental<00:50:58.791> disabilities,<00:50:59.657> whether<00:50:59.818> it's<00:51:00.155> old,<00:51:01.599> even<00:51:01.904> children.

00:51:02.241 --> 00:51:13.426
Like,<00:51:02.626> the<00:51:02.787> attitude<00:51:03.316> to<00:51:03.428> treating<00:51:04.792> people<00:51:05.146> in<00:51:05.274> those<00:51:05.515> categories<00:51:06.670> here<00:51:07.055> is<00:51:07.296> very,<00:51:07.456> very<00:51:07.697> different<00:51:08.162> to<00:51:08.243> other<00:51:08.419> parts<00:51:08.836> of<00:51:08.884> the<00:51:09.045> world<00:51:10.345> in<00:51:10.425> some<00:51:10.650> ways,<00:51:11.067> in<00:51:11.211> terms<00:51:11.484> of<00:51:11.612> government<00:51:11.965> support<00:51:12.495> and<00:51:12.591> social<00:51:12.976> support.

00:51:14.100 --> 00:51:18.015
And<00:51:14.661> I<00:51:14.677> like<00:51:14.918> living<00:51:15.175> in<00:51:15.223> a<00:51:15.239> society<00:51:15.801> where<00:51:16.427> the<00:51:16.523> weaker<00:51:16.764> are<00:51:16.796> taken<00:51:17.727> care<00:51:17.887> of.

00:51:18.754 --> 00:51:20.022
Um,<00:51:18.994> so<00:51:19.026> that's<00:51:19.315> one<00:51:19.492> big<00:51:19.717> reason.

00:51:21.402 --> 00:51:38.510
The<00:51:21.434> second<00:51:22.044> is,<00:51:22.525> um,<00:51:22.942> you<00:51:23.023> know,<00:51:23.263> of<00:51:23.408> all<00:51:23.504> the<00:51:23.584> countries<00:51:24.066> in<00:51:24.146> the<00:51:24.226> world<00:51:24.531> I<00:51:24.547> could<00:51:24.692> have<00:51:24.868> moved<00:51:25.093> to<00:51:25.494> that,<00:51:26.297> uh,<00:51:26.634> weren't<00:51:27.115> my<00:51:27.276> home<00:51:27.581> country<00:51:27.934> Australia<00:51:28.479> or<00:51:28.560> the<00:51:28.704> country<00:51:29.121> that<00:51:29.346> I<00:51:29.362> made<00:51:29.587> my<00:51:29.683> home<00:51:29.908> for<00:51:30.020> a<00:51:30.036> very<00:51:30.165> long<00:51:30.325> time,<00:51:30.469> America,<00:51:31.593> you<00:51:31.689> know,<00:51:31.866> Italy<00:51:32.171> is<00:51:32.395> the<00:51:32.572> one<00:51:32.877> where<00:51:33.053> I'm<00:51:33.455> just<00:51:33.695> more<00:51:33.856> accepted<00:51:34.401> because,<00:51:34.803> um,<00:51:35.525> you<00:51:35.637> know,<00:51:36.022> my<00:51:36.183> family<00:51:36.488> is<00:51:36.680> originally<00:51:37.066> from<00:51:37.226> here<00:51:37.451> a<00:51:37.531> few<00:51:37.692> generations<00:51:38.285> ago.

00:51:38.606 --> 00:51:44.223
So,<00:51:39.313> you<00:51:39.345> know,<00:51:39.698> I'm<00:51:39.810> able<00:51:40.067> to<00:51:40.115> get<00:51:40.275> a<00:51:40.340> passport<00:51:40.837> and,<00:51:41.238> um,<00:51:41.704> people<00:51:41.945> sort<00:51:43.148> get<00:51:43.405> that<00:51:43.549> I<00:51:43.629> fit<00:51:43.950> here.

00:51:44.672 --> 00:51:46.068
And,<00:51:45.153> you<00:51:45.266> know,<00:51:45.330> that's<00:51:45.571> not<00:51:45.731> true.

00:51:46.292 --> 00:51:53.592
That<00:51:46.437> wouldn't<00:51:46.774> be<00:51:46.806> true<00:51:46.854> if<00:51:47.014> I<00:51:47.095> moved<00:51:47.416> to,<00:51:48.218> you<00:51:48.314> know,<00:51:48.523> if<00:51:48.683> I<00:51:48.699> moved<00:51:49.020> to<00:51:49.341> Poland<00:51:49.886> or<00:51:49.918> somewhere<00:51:50.303> else<00:51:50.528> like<00:51:50.704> that,<00:51:51.571> because<00:51:52.951> I'm<00:51:53.111> not<00:51:53.352> from<00:51:53.528> there.

00:51:53.656 --> 00:51:55.822
And<00:51:53.849> so<00:51:53.993> there's<00:51:54.218> a<00:51:54.250> certain,<00:51:54.635> like,<00:51:54.860> cultural<00:51:55.293> acceptance.

00:51:56.464 --> 00:52:00.427
It's<00:51:57.764> a<00:51:58.165> really<00:51:58.486> wonderful<00:51:58.871> place<00:51:59.448> for<00:51:59.560> the<00:51:59.689> things<00:51:59.994> I<00:52:00.026> like<00:52:00.250> to<00:52:00.395> do.

00:52:00.796 --> 00:52:04.710
I<00:52:00.812> like<00:52:01.373> ski<00:52:01.614> touring<00:52:02.176> and<00:52:02.432> cycling<00:52:03.058> and<00:52:03.299> trail<00:52:03.619> running<00:52:03.876> and<00:52:04.085> things<00:52:04.245> like<00:52:04.341> that.

00:52:05.208 --> 00:52:06.668
And<00:52:05.336> the<00:52:05.384> mountains<00:52:05.849> here<00:52:05.930> are<00:52:06.170> phenomenal.

00:52:07.775 --> 00:52:13.029
And<00:52:08.578> It's,<00:52:09.140> it's<00:52:09.317> really<00:52:09.719> world-class<00:52:10.667> in<00:52:10.763> a<00:52:10.843> lot<00:52:11.004> of<00:52:11.149> areas<00:52:11.711> that<00:52:12.129> are<00:52:12.209> pretty<00:52:12.450> important<00:52:12.852> to<00:52:12.932> me.

00:52:13.109 --> 00:52:20.645
So<00:52:13.479> areas<00:52:13.880> like,<00:52:14.282> you<00:52:14.378> know,<00:52:15.744> neurosurgery,<00:52:16.789> ophthalmology,<00:52:17.833> and<00:52:18.074> things<00:52:18.396> related<00:52:18.862> to<00:52:18.958> how<00:52:19.103> the<00:52:19.263> brain<00:52:19.585> works,<00:52:19.906> they're<00:52:20.067> world-class.

00:52:21.272 --> 00:52:27.025
Various<00:52:22.316> areas<00:52:22.509> of<00:52:22.574> mathematics<00:52:23.377> and<00:52:23.457> engineering<00:52:24.887> and<00:52:25.145> machine<00:52:25.611> learning,<00:52:26.253> world-class.

00:52:28.278 --> 00:52:31.620
Even<00:52:28.519> some<00:52:28.680> other<00:52:28.905> up-and-coming<00:52:29.628> areas<00:52:29.949> like<00:52:30.110> quantum<00:52:30.399> computing,<00:52:30.994> they're<00:52:31.154> pretty<00:52:31.411> good.

00:52:31.749 --> 00:52:36.923
So,<00:52:32.697> you<00:52:32.777> know,<00:52:32.858> there's<00:52:33.099> a<00:52:33.179> lot<00:52:33.340> of,<00:52:33.500> um,<00:52:34.223> opportunity<00:52:34.930> to<00:52:35.412> talk<00:52:35.605> to<00:52:35.734> some<00:52:35.910> of<00:52:35.975> the<00:52:36.055> best<00:52:36.296> people<00:52:36.553> in<00:52:36.617> the<00:52:36.714> world.

00:52:37.421 --> 00:52:38.674
And<00:52:37.742> then<00:52:37.855> it's<00:52:37.999> just<00:52:38.160> central.

00:52:39.670 --> 00:52:42.547
You<00:52:39.767> can<00:52:39.928> get<00:52:40.811> to<00:52:40.956> anywhere<00:52:41.454> in<00:52:41.599> Europe<00:52:41.872> super<00:52:42.161> quickly.

00:52:42.980 --> 00:52:47.656
And<00:52:43.221> if<00:52:44.186> there's<00:52:44.330> anything<00:52:44.732> you<00:52:44.764> really<00:52:45.069> want<00:52:45.294> to<00:52:45.375> do,<00:52:45.712> you<00:52:45.825> can<00:52:45.953> probably<00:52:46.194> find<00:52:46.515> it<00:52:46.837> in<00:52:46.917> Europe.

00:52:47.721 --> 00:52:49.649
So<00:52:48.203> yeah,<00:52:48.460> it's<00:52:48.588> really<00:52:48.765> a<00:52:48.781> central<00:52:49.311> place.

00:52:50.516 --> 00:53:00.510
And<00:52:51.095> the<00:52:51.239> other<00:52:51.497> thing<00:52:51.738> is,<00:52:52.043> you<00:52:52.959> know,<00:52:53.184> the<00:52:53.891> couple<00:52:54.148> of<00:52:54.228> really<00:52:54.453> important<00:52:54.855> things<00:52:55.112> in<00:52:55.256> life<00:52:55.514> to<00:52:55.658> sort<00:52:55.835> of<00:52:56.317> be<00:52:56.542> a<00:52:56.622> functioning<00:52:57.040> human<00:52:57.281> being,<00:52:57.683> like,<00:52:57.908> you<00:52:57.940> know,<00:52:58.229> eat<00:52:58.326> well,<00:52:58.952> have<00:52:59.113> good<00:52:59.209> healthcare,<00:52:59.932> and<00:52:59.996> move<00:53:00.237> well.

00:53:01.039 --> 00:53:04.504
And<00:53:01.601> those<00:53:01.937> things<00:53:02.258> are<00:53:02.419> very<00:53:02.708> high<00:53:02.756> quality<00:53:03.285> here<00:53:03.526> but<00:53:03.606> very<00:53:03.863> low<00:53:04.087> cost.

00:53:05.130 --> 00:53:08.916
And<00:53:05.467> I<00:53:05.547> think<00:53:05.788> that's<00:53:06.751> a<00:53:06.911> good,<00:53:07.858> good<00:53:08.018> thing<00:53:08.114> to<00:53:08.259> optimize<00:53:08.660> for.

00:53:10.344 --> 00:53:11.195
Yeah,<00:53:10.681> for<00:53:10.842> sure.

00:53:11.564 --> 00:53:17.660
My<00:53:11.724> final<00:53:11.965> question<00:53:12.269> is,<00:53:12.430> we<00:53:12.526> believe<00:53:13.393> chances<00:53:14.114> are<00:53:15.254> just<00:53:15.655> as<00:53:15.751> important<00:53:16.280> when<00:53:16.457> they're<00:53:16.617> given<00:53:16.954> as<00:53:17.099> when<00:53:17.243> they're<00:53:17.339> taken.

00:53:17.821 --> 00:53:25.505
We<00:53:17.917> talk<00:53:18.206> a<00:53:18.222> lot<00:53:18.446> as<00:53:18.607> entrepreneurs<00:53:19.409> and<00:53:19.986> investors<00:53:20.468> and,<00:53:20.692> you<00:53:20.724> know,<00:53:21.511> in<00:53:21.655> the<00:53:21.751> business<00:53:22.072> and<00:53:22.216> entrepreneurial<00:53:22.714> world<00:53:23.035> or<00:53:23.131> the<00:53:23.259> tech<00:53:23.516> world<00:53:23.773> about<00:53:24.543> chances<00:53:24.880> that<00:53:25.024> we've<00:53:25.184> taken.

00:53:26.347 --> 00:53:33.088
Um,<00:53:26.605> but<00:53:26.766> then<00:53:26.910> there's<00:53:27.071> this<00:53:27.232> whole<00:53:27.409> other<00:53:28.117> aspect<00:53:28.535> of<00:53:28.616> this,<00:53:28.857> which<00:53:29.098> is,<00:53:29.484> uh,<00:53:29.661> chances<00:53:30.305> that<00:53:30.385> have<00:53:30.530> been<00:53:30.707> given<00:53:30.948> to<00:53:31.109> us<00:53:31.286> or<00:53:31.415> chances<00:53:31.753> that<00:53:31.914> we<00:53:32.010> have<00:53:32.139> the<00:53:32.236> opportunity<00:53:32.734> to<00:53:32.799> give.

00:53:33.730 --> 00:53:45.284
And<00:53:33.827> I<00:53:33.924> wonder,<00:53:34.798> uh,<00:53:35.219> from<00:53:35.381> your<00:53:35.543> perspective,<00:53:36.256> who<00:53:36.855> stands<00:53:37.389> out<00:53:37.713> when<00:53:37.891> you<00:53:38.280> think<00:53:38.603> of<00:53:39.575> chances<00:53:40.077> that<00:53:40.223> you<00:53:40.320> were<00:53:40.563> given<00:53:40.967> and<00:53:41.129> who<00:53:41.356> that<00:53:41.680> was<00:53:42.408> and<00:53:43.297> what<00:53:43.474> that's<00:53:43.797> meant<00:53:44.040> to<00:53:44.120> your<00:53:44.347> life<00:53:44.767> and<00:53:44.831> your<00:53:45.009> career?

00:53:45.736 --> 00:54:01.410
This<00:53:48.709> question,<00:53:49.290> because,<00:53:49.694> um<00:53:53.537> It's—<00:53:55.301> it<00:53:55.381> is<00:53:55.605> the<00:53:55.685> case<00:53:56.006> that<00:53:56.102> we're<00:53:56.247> constantly<00:53:56.808> giving<00:53:57.064> and<00:53:57.209> taking<00:53:57.610> chances,<00:53:58.267> uh,<00:53:58.732> or<00:53:59.053> giving<00:53:59.309> and<00:53:59.389> making—<00:54:00.095> yeah,<00:54:00.271> making,<00:54:00.592> taking<00:54:00.977> chances.

00:54:01.474 --> 00:54:05.868
And<00:54:01.618> it's<00:54:01.795> not—<00:54:02.997> it's,<00:54:03.238> it's<00:54:03.398> not<00:54:03.559> the<00:54:03.639> case<00:54:04.024> that<00:54:04.200> like<00:54:04.440> you,<00:54:04.601> you're<00:54:04.938> just<00:54:05.178> a<00:54:05.242> chance<00:54:05.643> taker.

00:54:05.980 --> 00:54:08.241
Like,<00:54:06.156> someone<00:54:06.429> has<00:54:06.557> to<00:54:06.701> be<00:54:06.910> on<00:54:06.990> the<00:54:07.086> other<00:54:07.327> end<00:54:07.423> of<00:54:07.551> that<00:54:07.728> a<00:54:07.744> lot<00:54:07.872> of<00:54:07.952> the<00:54:07.984> time.

00:54:09.074 --> 00:54:15.408
Um,<00:54:10.197> I<00:54:10.293> will<00:54:10.534> though<00:54:10.694> give<00:54:10.935> the<00:54:11.015> really,<00:54:11.271> really<00:54:11.576> obvious<00:54:11.961> answer,<00:54:12.265> which<00:54:12.378> is<00:54:12.458> my<00:54:12.618> mom<00:54:12.746> and<00:54:12.875> dad,<00:54:13.340> in<00:54:13.420> that,<00:54:13.725> you<00:54:13.757> know,<00:54:14.045> they<00:54:14.141> keep<00:54:14.382> taking<00:54:14.703> chances<00:54:15.184> on<00:54:15.248> me.

00:54:15.809 --> 00:54:16.835
They<00:54:15.905> keep<00:54:16.130> giving<00:54:16.322> me<00:54:16.467> advice.

00:54:17.252 --> 00:54:17.829
I<00:54:17.364> ignore<00:54:17.669> it.

00:54:17.990 --> 00:54:18.663
I<00:54:18.006> make<00:54:18.246> a<00:54:18.294> mistake.

00:54:18.760 --> 00:54:21.050
And<00:54:19.020> they<00:54:19.200> go,<00:54:19.560> that's<00:54:19.680> okay,<00:54:20.060> we'll<00:54:20.120> just<00:54:20.260> give<00:54:20.400> you<00:54:20.540> more<00:54:20.700> advice.

00:54:21.660 --> 00:54:35.180
Um,<00:54:21.960> they<00:54:22.020> keep<00:54:22.260> watching<00:54:22.560> me<00:54:22.760> do<00:54:22.920> stupid<00:54:23.340> things<00:54:23.860> and<00:54:24.820> then<00:54:25.480> go,<00:54:25.840> it's<00:54:25.960> okay,<00:54:26.580> um,<00:54:27.340> you<00:54:27.380> know,<00:54:27.920> you'll<00:54:28.040> pick<00:54:28.140> yourself<00:54:28.420> up<00:54:28.760> and<00:54:29.140> we'll<00:54:29.340> give<00:54:29.440> you<00:54:29.580> another<00:54:29.780> chance<00:54:30.160> to,<00:54:30.520> you<00:54:31.120> know,<00:54:31.380> to<00:54:31.520> get<00:54:31.860> through<00:54:32.060> your<00:54:32.300> life<00:54:32.500> without,<00:54:32.960> without<00:54:33.200> doing<00:54:33.520> something<00:54:33.980> that<00:54:34.300> kills<00:54:34.540> you.

00:54:35.180 --> 00:54:37.820
Um,<00:54:35.720> so,<00:54:36.060> you<00:54:36.061> know,<00:54:36.340> the<00:54:36.360> obvious<00:54:36.700> answer<00:54:37.020> is<00:54:37.140> my<00:54:37.260> mom<00:54:37.440> and<00:54:37.580> dad.

00:54:37.820 --> 00:54:43.310
They've<00:54:37.880> been<00:54:37.980> giving<00:54:38.160> me<00:54:38.320> chances<00:54:38.660> since<00:54:38.960> I<00:54:39.020> was<00:54:39.140> a<00:54:39.320> kid<00:54:39.400> and<00:54:39.540> they<00:54:39.580> just<00:54:39.740> keep<00:54:39.920> doing<00:54:40.200> it<00:54:40.400> even<00:54:40.580> though<00:54:40.840> I'm<00:54:41.020> now<00:54:41.280> a<00:54:42.220> developed<00:54:42.660> adult.

00:54:43.440 --> 00:54:47.928
Um,<00:54:44.220> so,<00:54:44.680> you<00:54:44.681> know,<00:54:45.040> it's<00:54:45.120> a<00:54:45.762> It's<00:54:45.939> a<00:54:46.067> funny<00:54:46.308> one,<00:54:46.548> but<00:54:47.062> it's<00:54:47.270> an<00:54:47.350> obvious<00:54:47.687> one.

00:54:48.152 --> 00:54:52.211
Um,<00:54:48.570> yeah,<00:54:49.051> then<00:54:49.628> there<00:54:49.917> are<00:54:50.013> the<00:54:50.110> various<00:54:50.575> people<00:54:50.896> in,<00:54:51.233> in<00:54:51.313> my<00:54:51.601> career,<00:54:51.954> right?

00:54:52.339 --> 00:54:59.077
You<00:54:52.420> know,<00:54:52.740> I<00:54:52.756> think,<00:54:53.767> yeah,<00:54:53.944> a<00:54:54.168> lot<00:54:54.345> of<00:54:54.649> the<00:54:54.730> whole<00:54:54.906> team<00:54:55.227> at<00:54:55.548> AngelList,<00:54:55.788> not<00:54:55.949> just<00:54:56.189> Nivi<00:54:56.414> and<00:54:56.510> Naval,<00:54:56.992> but<00:54:57.136> the<00:54:57.200> whole<00:54:57.393> team<00:54:57.633> at<00:54:57.713> AngelList<00:54:58.275> took<00:54:58.451> a<00:54:58.516> chance<00:54:58.917> on<00:54:58.981> me.

00:54:59.382 --> 00:55:02.462
You<00:54:59.414> know,<00:54:59.655> I<00:54:59.703> wasn't<00:55:00.665> contributing<00:55:01.307> to<00:55:01.387> the<00:55:01.483> product<00:55:01.868> from<00:55:02.109> day<00:55:02.285> one.

00:55:02.526 --> 00:55:11.317
I<00:55:02.622> eventually<00:55:03.087> did,<00:55:03.408> but<00:55:04.114> I<00:55:04.130> was<00:55:04.291> contributing<00:55:04.852> in<00:55:04.996> other<00:55:05.157> ways,<00:55:05.638> and,<00:55:06.135> you<00:55:06.168> know,<00:55:06.312> eventually<00:55:06.697> helped<00:55:06.857> transform<00:55:07.339> that<00:55:07.419> whole<00:55:07.643> business,<00:55:08.766> um,<00:55:09.167> in<00:55:09.199> many<00:55:09.424> ways,<00:55:09.889> you<00:55:09.969> know.

00:55:12.520 --> 00:55:15.620
Penguin<00:55:13.020> Random<00:55:13.380> House,<00:55:14.060> who<00:55:14.061> took<00:55:14.340> a<00:55:14.520> chance<00:55:14.680> on<00:55:14.860> me<00:55:14.940> with<00:55:15.060> my<00:55:15.220> book.

00:55:15.780 --> 00:55:20.600
You<00:55:15.800> know,<00:55:15.940> they<00:55:16.240> thought,<00:55:16.860> all<00:55:16.940> right,<00:55:17.180> this<00:55:17.320> is<00:55:17.460> an<00:55:17.580> interesting<00:55:17.900> topic,<00:55:18.640> you<00:55:19.180> have<00:55:19.360> some<00:55:19.580> expertise<00:55:20.040> in<00:55:20.300> it.

00:55:20.600 --> 00:55:23.300
But<00:55:20.900> I<00:55:21.360> wasn't<00:55:21.620> a<00:55:21.800> published<00:55:22.080> author<00:55:22.420> at<00:55:22.600> that<00:55:22.860> point.

00:55:23.300 --> 00:55:29.870
I'd<00:55:23.440> published<00:55:23.700> lots<00:55:24.000> of<00:55:24.160> articles,<00:55:24.720> but<00:55:24.800> I<00:55:24.860> hadn't<00:55:25.320> published<00:55:25.640> a<00:55:25.880> book,<00:55:26.100> and<00:55:26.300> they<00:55:26.480> took<00:55:26.620> a<00:55:26.840> chance<00:55:26.960> on<00:55:27.140> me,<00:55:27.360> and<00:55:27.520> I'm<00:55:27.900> really,<00:55:28.180> really<00:55:28.339> grateful<00:55:28.720> for<00:55:28.920> that.

00:55:30.400 --> 00:55:32.920
Um,<00:55:30.480> you<00:55:30.500> know,<00:55:30.560> my<00:55:30.700> partner<00:55:31.020> Mark<00:55:31.380> Zetta,<00:55:32.060> he<00:55:32.180> took<00:55:32.340> a<00:55:32.540> chance<00:55:32.680> on<00:55:32.820> me.

00:55:32.920 --> 00:55:36.100
I<00:55:33.020> was<00:55:33.200> a<00:55:33.420> proven<00:55:33.600> investor<00:55:34.360> in<00:55:34.600> some<00:55:34.820> ways,<00:55:35.140> but<00:55:35.280> not<00:55:35.480> in<00:55:35.600> others.

00:55:36.540 --> 00:55:42.510
I<00:55:36.600> was,<00:55:37.080> you<00:55:37.081> know,<00:55:37.200> I<00:55:37.260> had<00:55:37.440> a<00:55:37.540> lot<00:55:37.720> of—<00:55:38.360> obviously,<00:55:38.440> we<00:55:38.800> made<00:55:38.980> a<00:55:39.180> very<00:55:39.260> sensible,<00:55:39.760> rational<00:55:40.220> business<00:55:40.510> decision<00:55:40.977> to<00:55:41.090> work<00:55:41.268> together<00:55:41.671> in<00:55:41.929> lots<00:55:42.171> of<00:55:42.300> ways.

00:55:42.558 --> 00:55:46.285
But,<00:55:43.429> you<00:55:43.542> know,<00:55:43.607> he<00:55:43.768> took<00:55:44.010> a<00:55:44.075> real<00:55:44.252> chance<00:55:44.591> on<00:55:44.655> me,<00:55:44.736> and<00:55:44.978> we<00:55:45.123> were<00:55:45.156> taking<00:55:45.527> a<00:55:45.543> chance<00:55:45.865> on<00:55:45.946> each<00:55:46.172> other.

00:55:46.333 --> 00:55:50.631
We<00:55:46.414> were<00:55:46.575> very,<00:55:46.866> very<00:55:47.075> complementary,<00:55:47.914> very<00:55:48.124> different,<00:55:49.237> and<00:55:49.479> we<00:55:49.576> got<00:55:49.737> something<00:55:50.205> off<00:55:50.270> the<00:55:50.368> ground.

00:55:50.729 --> 00:55:51.715
So,<00:55:51.271> you<00:55:51.304> know,<00:55:51.534> he<00:55:51.616> did.

00:55:53.988 --> 00:56:06.489
Um,<00:55:54.553> there<00:55:54.666> are<00:55:54.763> lots<00:55:54.892> of<00:55:55.134> people<00:55:55.860> that<00:55:56.086> have<00:55:56.409> in<00:55:56.667> my<00:55:56.748> life,<00:55:58.103> um,<00:55:58.587> and,<00:55:59.555> you<00:55:59.587> know,<00:55:59.959> I,<00:56:01.411> I<00:56:01.427> really<00:56:01.733> like<00:56:01.895> this<00:56:02.072> question<00:56:02.460> because<00:56:02.798> it's<00:56:02.960> making<00:56:03.202> me<00:56:03.283> think,<00:56:03.590> who<00:56:03.752> can<00:56:03.930> I<00:56:04.092> take<00:56:04.335> a<00:56:04.351> chance<00:56:04.805> on,<00:56:05.533> um,<00:56:05.954> you<00:56:06.116> know,<00:56:06.278> tomorrow?

00:56:07.098 --> 00:56:08.205
So<00:56:07.243> I'm<00:56:07.644> going<00:56:07.756> to<00:56:07.804> think<00:56:07.981> about<00:56:08.141> it.

00:56:08.302 --> 00:56:09.136
So<00:56:08.510> thanks<00:56:08.751> for<00:56:08.831> asking<00:56:09.088> it.

00:56:10.275 --> 00:56:10.708
I<00:56:10.291> love<00:56:10.531> that.

00:56:10.772 --> 00:56:13.146
Thank<00:56:10.996> you,<00:56:11.173> Ash,<00:56:11.574> so<00:56:11.815> much<00:56:12.135> for<00:56:12.216> taking<00:56:12.520> the<00:56:12.617> time.

00:56:13.659 --> 00:56:15.215
I<00:56:13.739> highly<00:56:14.044> recommend<00:56:14.461> everybody<00:56:14.782> read<00:56:15.007> your<00:56:15.103> book.

00:56:15.328 --> 00:56:16.338
We'll<00:56:15.504> put<00:56:15.648> a<00:56:15.745> link<00:56:15.985> to<00:56:16.210> it.

00:56:16.386 --> 00:56:17.702
We'll<00:56:16.547> put<00:56:16.691> it<00:56:16.771> on<00:56:16.884> CEO.com.

00:56:18.696 --> 00:56:22.418
I<00:56:18.776> think<00:56:19.049> it's<00:56:20.220> a<00:56:20.252> must-read<00:56:21.343> in<00:56:21.600> 2023.

00:56:23.428 --> 00:56:24.856
Ash,<00:56:23.829> thanks<00:56:24.006> so<00:56:24.102> much<00:56:24.327> for<00:56:24.471> coming<00:56:24.712> on.

00:56:26.171 --> 00:56:29.476
Thank<00:56:26.412> you<00:56:26.444> very<00:56:26.653> much,<00:56:27.615> Clint.

```